Fig. 5. Mn²⁺ shows adjuvant effects on antitumor vaccines.

a, b Tumor sizes in the WT mice (n = 8 per group) pre-immunized with PBS, OVA or OVA plus MnCl₂ intramuscularly (i.m.) on day 0, 7 or 14, before 5 × 10⁵ B16F0-OVA subcutaneous inoculation on day 21 (a). The survival of mice was monitored (b). c, d Tumor sizes in Tmem173^−⁄− mice (n = 8 per group) pre-immunized with PBS, OVA or OVA plus MnCl₂ i.m. on day 0, 7 or 14, before 5 × 10⁵ B16F0-OVA subcutaneous inoculation on day 21 (c). The survival of mice was monitored (d). e Representative figures and summary data of frequency of SIINFEKL⁺CD8⁺ T cells in the spleen of immunized (PBS, OVA or OVA plus MnCl₂ i.m. on day 0, 7 or 14) mice on day 21. f CD8⁺ T cell proliferation in inguinal lymph nodes from recipient mice at day 3 after immunization with PBS, OVA or OVA plus MnCl₂ s.c. (n = 4 per group). g In vivo CTL assay in WT (top panel) or Tmem173^−⁄− mice (bottom panel) 21 d after i.m. (day 0, 7, 14) with OVA (100 μg) with or without MnCl₂ (20 μg) (n = 5 per genotype). Data represent analyses of the indicated n mice per group, means ± SEM. Data are representative of three independent experiments. ns, not significant, P > 0.05; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001.