Figure 5.

Effects of the rapid restriction of food and water intake on the renal expression levels of ion channels in rats with and without regular exercise. (a–d) Gene expression levels of SGK‐1 (a), GILZ (b), CHIF (c), and ENaCα (d) in the kidney medulla. The mRNA levels were analyzed by quantitative RT‐PCR and normalized to those of GAPDH. Fold changes are displayed relative to the control group receiving neither regular exercise nor rapid restriction (1.0). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5/group). *p < .05; ***p < .001. NS, not significant; Ex, exercise; RR, rapid restriction