Figure 7.

Effects of the rapid restriction of food and water intake on the pathways for water homeostasis in rats with and without regular exercise. The VPS regulates water homeostasis to the extent of the steady‐state conditions, irrespective of the presence or absence of regular exercise/rapid restriction. Conversely, the RAAS responds to rapid restriction and contributes to water homeostasis to deal with body fluid‐related acute stress. When rapid restriction is loaded in combination with regular exercise, some factors derived from the combination of these two stresses would exhibit deleterious effects on kidney function. VPS, vasopressinergic system; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system