Table 2.
The prevalence of tigecycline resistance by continents and pathogens.
| Asian Countries | Pathogen | Area | No. (%) of Resistant rate | Type of study | First author, year |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Saudi Arabia | 1 | Case report | Al-Qadheeb et al., 2010 [160] | |
| Acinetobacter spp. | India | 224/32 (14.2) | Original research | Taneja et al., 2011 [161] | |
| Acinetobacter spp. | Kuwait | 250/34 (13.6) | Original research | Al-Sweih et al., 2011 [162] | |
| E. coli | India | 166/0 (0) | Original research | Manoharan et al., 2010 [163] | |
| Acinetobacter spp. | 50/6 (12) | ||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 50/47 (94) | ||||
| S. aureus | 125/0 (0) | ||||
| S. pneumoniae | 102/0 (0) | ||||
| Enterococcus spp. | 100/0 (0) | ||||
| Enterobacteriaceae | Taiwan | 412/10 (2.4) | Original research | Hsu et al., 2011 [164] | |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | Taiwan | 377/66 (17.5) | Original research | Wu et al., 2012 [165] | |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | China | 442/71 (16.1) | Original research | Zhang et al., 2012 [166] | |
| Enterobacteriaceae (MBL-producing) | Taiwan | 95/36 (37.9) (resistant or intermediately susceptible) | Original research | Liao et al., 2011 [167] | |
| Enterobacteriaceae (NDM-1-producing) | Pakistan | 64/7 (11) | Original research | Perry et al., 2011 [168] | |
| E. coli | Lebanon | 150/0 (0) | Original research | Araj and Ibrahim, 2008 [169] | |
| K. pneumoniae | 100/3 (3) | ||||
| Acinetobacter spp. | 64/0 (0) | ||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | Taiwan | 393/27 (6.9) (resistant or intermediately susceptible) | Original research | Liu et al., 2008 [170]. | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) | India | 26/15 (57.7) | Original research | Behera et al., 2009 [171] | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii (imipenem-non-susceptible) | Taiwan | 114/21 (18) | Original research | Lee et al., 2009 [172] | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) | Thailand | 148/4 (2.7) (resistant or intermediately susceptible) | Original research | Tiengrim et al., 2006 [173] | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) | Israel | 82/54 (66) | Original research | Navon-Venezia et al., 2007 [174] | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) | Taiwan | 134/61 (45.5) | Original research | Chang et al., 2012 [175] | |
| Colistin-resistant Acinetobacter spp. | South Korea | 145/14 (9.7) (non-susceptible) | Original research | Park et al., 2009 [176] | |
| OXA carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii | South Korea | 47/11 (23.4) | Original research | Kim et al., 2010 [177] | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR) | Turkey | 82/21 (25.8) | Original research | Dizbay et al., 2008 [178] | |
| S. aureus | India | 127/68 (53.5) | Original research | Swati Sharma.,2017 [179] | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | Taiwan | 393/27 (6.9) | Original research | Liao CH.,2008[180] | |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | China | 450/61 (13.56) | Original research | Jin Zhao.,2018[181] | |
| Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae | Saudi Arabia | 1 case | Case report | Nada S. Al-Qadheeb.,2010[160] | |
| Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae | Taiwan | 16/16 (100) | Original research | Sheng-Kang Chiu., 2017[182] | |
| Enterobacter spp. | Asia | 516/4 (0.8) | Original research | Harald Seifert., 2018[183] | |
| Serratia marcescens | 204/1 (0.5) | ||||
| E. coli | 314/1 (0.3) | ||||
| K. pneumoniae | 541/7 (1.3) | ||||
| European Countries | Bacteroides fragilis | Europe | 824/14 (1.7) | Original research | Nagy et al., 2011 [184] |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | Spain | 142/17 (12) | Original research | Insa et al., 2007 [185] | |
| S. maltophilia | 120/2 (2) | ||||
| E. coli | Spain | 220/0 (0) | Original research | Tubau et al., 2010 [186] | |
| K. pneumoniae | 28/0 (0) | ||||
| K. oxytoca | 14/0 (0) | ||||
| Enterococcus faecalis | 53/1 (1.9) | ||||
| Enterococcus faecium | 39/0 (0) | ||||
| Enterobacter cloacae | 23/1 (4.3) | ||||
| M. morganii | 14/0 (0) | ||||
| P. mirabilis | 12/4 (33.3) | ||||
| P. vulgaris | 7/1 (14.3) | ||||
| Citrobacter spp. | 9/0 (0) | ||||
| S. aureus | 18/0 (0) | ||||
| viridans group streptococcus | 23/1 (4.3) | ||||
| E. coli (ESBL-producing) | Italy | 430/7 (1.6) | Original research | Grandesso et al., 2010 [187] | |
| Klebsiella spp. | Poland | 108/7 (7.5) | Original research | Sekowska and Gospodarek, 2010 [188] | |
| KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae | Spain | 215/24 (11.2) | Original research | Vázquez et al., 2008 [73] | |
| ESBL producing E. coli | Belgium |
Nonsusceptibility rates 26/9 (35) |
Original research | Naesens et al., 2009 [189] | |
| ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp. | 10/10 (100) | ||||
| Enterobacter spp. | 27/26 (96) | ||||
| Enterobacteriaceae | France | 1070/52 (4.9) | Original research | Froment Gomis P et al., [190] | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 47/25 (53) | ||||
| Bacteroides fragilis | 645/102 (15.8) | ||||
| MDR-producing Enterobacteriaceae | Greece | 152/12 (7.9) (Intermediate) | Original research | Falagas ME et al., [191] | |
| Enterobacteriaceae spp. (carbapenem-resistant) | Europe | 280/32 (11.4) | Original research | Sader HS et al., [192] | |
| Enterobacteriaceae (imipenem resistant) | Greece | 110/1 (1) | Original research | Papaparaskevas J et al., [193] | |
| Enterococcus spp. (vancomycin resistant) | 151/0 (0) | ||||
| Methicillin-resistant S. aureus | 338/3 (<1) | ||||
| ESBL-positive E. coli | Eastern Europe | 337/5 (1.5) | Original research | Balode A et al., [194] | |
| Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci | France | 18/0 (0) | Original research | Cattoir V et al., [195] | |
| Methicillin-resistant S. aureus | 631/0 (0) | ||||
| ESBL-positive E. coli | 275/3 (1.1) | ||||
| ESBL-positive K. pneumoniae | 274/60 (21.9) | ||||
| Enterobacter hormaechei | France | 1 case | Case report | Daurel et al., 2009 [196] | |
| Enterococcus faecalis | Germany | 1 case | Case report | Werner et al., 2008 [197] | |
| African Countries | carbapenem resistant A. baumannii complex | South Africa | 232/17 (7.6) | Original research | Nahid H Ahmed et al., 2012 [198] |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | South Africa |
(Non-susceptible) 705/53 (7.5) |
Original research | Olga Perovic et al., 2015 to 2016 [199, 200] | |
| E. coli | Africa | 199/0 (0) | Original research | Harald Seifert et al., 2018[183] | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 185/0 (0) | ||||
| Enterobacter spp. | 188/2 (1.1) | ||||
| Serratia marcescens | 79/1 (1.3) | ||||
| carbapenem resistant A. baumannii complex | South Africa | 232/17 (7.6) | Original research | Ahmed et al., 2010 [198] | |
| American Countries | Acinetobacter baumannii | USA | 1 | Case series |
Anthony et al., 2008 [148] |
| Bacteroides fragilis | USA | 1 | Case report |
Sherwood et al., 2011 [201] |
|
| E. coli | USA | 131/0 (0) | Original research | DiPersio and Dowzicky, 2007 [202] | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 174/16 (9.2) | ||||
| E. aerogenes | 24/5 (20.8) | ||||
| E. cloacae | 126/32 (25.4) | ||||
| S. marcescens | 20/4 20 | ||||
| Bacteroides fragilis | USA | 1 | Case report |
Sherwood et al., 2011 [201] |
|
| E. faecium | Latin America | 106/0 (0) | Original research | Rossi F et al., [203] | |
| Enterobacter spp. | 766/2 (0.3) | ||||
| K. pneumoniae | 763/10 (1.3) | ||||
| E. coli | 932/0 (0) | ||||
| S. marcescens | 328/2 (0.6) | ||||
| E. coli | USA | 6643/0 (0) | Original research | Denys GA et al., [204] | |
| K. pneumoniae | 4951/208 (4.2) | ||||
| Klebsiella oxytoca | 1170/13 (1.1) | ||||
| Serratia marcescens | 2421/99 (4.1) | ||||
| Enterobacter spp. | 6065/285 (4.7) | ||||
| ESBL-E. coli | Latin America | 870/0 (0) | Original research | Fernández-Canigia L et al., [205] | |
| ESBL-K. pneumoniae | 1045/15 (1.4) | ||||
| K. oxytoca | 311/0 (0) | ||||
| Enterobacter spp. | 2804/14 (0.5) | ||||
| S. marcescens | 1126/9 (0.8) | ||||
| ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae | USA | 337/7 (2) | Original research | Dowzicky MJ et al., [206] | |
| K. oxytoca | 801/2 (0.2) | ||||
| E. coli | 4861/0 (0) | ||||
| E. aerogenes | 1095/11 (0.01) | ||||
| E. cloacae | 2866/56 (0.02) | ||||
| S. marcescens | 1698/11 (<0.01) | ||||
| S. aureus | Mexico | 250/23 (9) | Original research | Garza-González et al., 2010 [207] | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 150/5 (3) | ||||
| E. coli | 150/6 (4) | ||||
| A. baumannii | 550/6 (1) | ||||
| Enterobacter cloacae | 100/7 (7) | ||||
| Serratia | 100/0 (0) | ||||
| E. coli | Canada | 3789/4 (0.1) | Original research | Lagacé-Wiens et al., 2011 [208] | |
| CTX-M-producing Enterobacteriaceae | USA | 67/0 (0) | Original research | Castanheira et al., 2010 [209] |
ESBL, extended-spectrum b-lactamase; MDR, multidrug-resistant. MBL, Metallo-β-lactamase. NDM; New Delhi Metallo-beta lactamase.