Table 1.

Predictors of antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19

Characteristic	Prevalence odds ratio	95% confidence interval	Studies included
Region			154
China	reference		115
Middle East	6.05	0.29–126.87	2
East/Southeast Asia	1.94	0.38–9.88	6
Europe	0.54	0.21–1.40	18
North America	0.60	0.19–1.85	12
Multiple	0.54	0.01–21.63	1
Healthcare access/quality score (10-point increase) change)	0.77	0.46–1.28	152
End month			154
January	reference		14
February	0.61	0.29–1.88	72
March	0.37	0.11–1.24	33
April	0.28	0.08–0.98	29
May	0.45	0.05–3.71	4
Not specified	0.18	0.01–2.90	2
Setting			154
Hospital	reference		133
Hospital ICU	2.55	0.68–9.49	9
Hospital/outpatient	0.51	0.16–1.56	12
Age group			154
Adults	reference		91
Children	0.10	0.03–0.33	10
Adults and Children	0.33	0.17–0.65	41
Not specified	0.48	0.16–1.39	12
Age (10-year change)	1.45	1.18–1.77	153
Female (10% change)	0.97	0.78–1.20	154
Mechanical Ventilation (10% change)	1.33	1.15–1.54	115
Smoker (10% change)	1.08	0.68–1.72	51
COPD (10% change)	1.04	0.52–2.05	81
CVD (10% change)	1.01	0.83–1.22	115
Diabetes (10% change)	1.15	0.90–1.49	120
Deaths (10% change)	1.45	1.21–1.74	133