Table 2:
Characteristics for Overall Sample and Latent Class Group
| Parent or Child Characteristic | Overall (N = 180) | Impact on Child (n = 92, 51%) | Gain-Framing (n = 63, 35%) | Financial Impact (n = 25, 14%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child gender | 0.67 | |||||
| Male | 92(51%) | 50 (54%) | 30 (48%) | 12 (48%) | ||
| Female | 88 (49%) | 42 (46%) | 33 (52%) | 13 (52%) | ||
| Child race | 0.61 | |||||
| White | 39 (22%) | 20 (22%) | 13 (20%) | 6 (24%) | ||
| Black or African American | 103 (57%) | 50 (54%) | 41 (65%) | 12 (48%) | ||
| Other | 7 (4%) | 3 (3%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (4%) | ||
| Multi-racial | 31 (17%) | 19 (21%) | 6 (10%) | 6 (24%) | ||
| Child ethnicity | 0.30 | |||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 26 (14%) | 13 (14%) | 7 (11%) | 6 (24%) | ||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 154 (86%) | 79 (86%) | 56 (89%) | 19 (76%) | ||
| Child age | 0.035 | |||||
| < 1 year | 31 (17%) | 17 (19%) | 9 (14%) | 5 (20%) | ||
| 1 – 5 years | 66 (37%) | 43 (47%) | 16 (25%) | 7 (28%) | ||
| 6 – 12 years | 62 (34%) | 21 (23%) | 30 (48%) | 11 (44%) | ||
| 13+ years | 21 (12%) | 11 (12%) | 8 (13%) | 2 (8%) | ||
| Child Insurance status | 0.45 | |||||
| Medicaid | 125 (70%) | 60 (65%) | 46 (73%) | 19 (76%) | ||
| Private | 51 (28%) | 29 (32%) | 17 (27%) | 5 (20%) | ||
| Self-Pay | 4 (2%) | 3 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) | ||
| Child health | 0.18 | |||||
| Excellent | 92 (51%) | 47 (51%) | 34 (54%) | 11 (44%) | ||
| Very Good | 59 (33%) | 26 (28%) | 21 (33%) | 12 (48%) | ||
| Good | 22 (12%) | 17 (19%) | 4 (6%) | 1 (4%) | ||
| Fair | 6 (3%) | 2 (2%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (4%) | ||
| Poor | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Asthma | 0.011 | |||||
| No | 125 (69%) | 70 (76%) | 35 (56%) | 20 (80%) | ||
| Yes | 55 (31%) | 22 (24%) | 28 (44%) | 5 (20%) | ||
| Chronic Lung Disease | 0.27 | |||||
| No | 178 (99%) | 91 (99%) | 63 (100%) | 24 (96%) | ||
| Yes | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) | ||
| Parent gender | 0.66 | |||||
| Male | 61 (34%) | 32 (35%) | 19 (30%) | 10 (40%) | ||
| Female | 119 (66%) | 60 (65%) | 44 (70%) | 15 (60%) | ||
| Parent age | 0.14 | |||||
| 18 to 24 | 15 (8%) | 9 (10%) | 4 (6%) | 2 (8%) | ||
| 25 to 34 | 78 (43%) | 42 (46%) | 22 (35%) | 14 (56%) | ||
| 35 to 44 | 61 (34%) | 33 (36%) | 21 (33%) | 7 (28%) | ||
| 45 to 54 | 20 (11%) | 8 (9%) | 11 (18%) | 1 (4%) | ||
| 55 to 64 | 4 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (4%) | ||
| 65 to 74 | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Parent education level | 0.848 | |||||
| Some high school, but did not graduate | 25 (14%) | 13(14%) | 9 (15%) | 3 (12%) | ||
| High school graduate or GED | 61 (34%) | 27 (29%) | 26 (41%) | 8 (32%) | ||
| Some college or 2-year degree | 70 (39%) | 40 (44%) | 21 (33%) | 9 (36%) | ||
| 4-year college graduate | 15 (8%) | 7 (8%) | 5 (8%) | 3 (12%) | ||
| More than 4-year college degree | 9 (5%) | 5 (5%) | 2 (3%) | 2 (8%) | ||
| Nicotine dependence1 | 0.139 | |||||
| Low dependence | 72 (40%) | 39 (42%) | 27 (43%) | 6 (24%) | ||
| Low to moderate dependence | 52 (29%) | 24 (26%) | 18(28%) | 10 (40%) | ||
| Moderate dependence | 46 (26%) | 26 (28%) | 15 (24%) | 5 (20%) | ||
| High dependence | 10 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 3 (5%) | 4 (16%) | ||
| Quit motivation2 | 0.624 | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.4 (1.4) | 6.5 (1.3) | 6.6 (1.3) | 6.2 (1.2) | ||
| Health literacy3 | 0.003 | |||||
| Adequate literacy | 93 (52%) | 60 (65%) | 22 (35%) | 11 (44%) | ||
| Limited literacy possible | 73 (41%) | 27 (29%) | 33 (52%) | 13 (52%) | ||
| Limited literacy likely | 14 (8%) | 5 (5%) | 8 (13%) | 1 (4%) | ||
| Site | 0.773 | |||||
| Urban, Predominantly Medicaid Clinic | 90 (50%) | 44 (48%) | 32 (51%) | 14 (56%) | ||
| Urban/Suburban, Predominantly Private Insurance | 40 (22%) | 21 (23%) | 14 (22%) | 5 (20%) | ||
| Urban, Mixed Insurance | 28 (16%) | 14 (15%) | 12 (19%) | 2 (8%) | ||
| Suburban, Predominantly Private Insurance | 22 (12%) | 13 (14%) | 5 (8%) | 4 (16%) | ||
1.
Via the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence
2.
Via the Contemplation Ladder, an efficient and face-valid measure, which asks: “Which of the following best describes you?” with response options ranging from 1 (“I enjoy using cigarettes and have decided never to change it. I have no interest in changing the way that I use cigarettes”) to 10 (“I have quit using cigarettes and will never go back”).
3.
Via the Newest Vital Sign, a reliable and validated measure