Table 1.
SARS-CoV vaccine candidates.
| Vaccine type | Adjuvant | Animal model | Humoral immunity | Cellular immunity | Protective immunity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RBD-Fc | MF59, Alum, etc. | 129S6/SvEv mice | + | + | + | (7–15) |
| N protein | BALB/C mice | + | + | + | (16–19) | |
| Recombinant VLPs-S(VLPs) | Alum | BALB/c mice | + | + | + | (20–25) |
| DNA-S | BALB/c mouse, human | + | + | + | (26, 27) | |
| DNA-N (pVAXN) | BALB/c mice | + | + | (28) | ||
| MVA-S | BALB/c mice, New Zealand white rabbits, NHPs | + | + | (29–32) | ||
| AdV-S | BALB/c mice | + | + | + | (33–35) | |
| MV-S | CD46-IFNAR mice | + | + | (36, 37) | ||
| Inactivated vaccine | δ- inulin | mice | + | + | + | (38) |
| UV-inactivated vaccine | TLR-3 | BALB/c mice | + | + | (39) | |
| Inactivated vaccine SARS-CoV Z-1 | NHPs | + | + | (40) | ||
| Live attenuated vaccine SARS-CoV-ΔE | BALB/c mice | + | + | + | (41, 42) | |
| Live attenuated vaccine SARS-dE-CTD&-NTD d8-12aa | BALB/c Ola Hsd mice | + | + | + | (43) | |
| Live attenuated vaccine nsp16 mutant | BALB/c mice | + | + | (44) | ||
| Live attenuated vaccine SARS-CoV-ExoN(-) | SCID mice | + | + | (45, 46) |
Protective immunity: prevention of SARS-CoV infection in virus challenged animals, lower viral titers with mild or without histopathological changes in lungs, including inflammation of bronchial epithelium and damage of alveolar walls, eosinophilic infiltration in lung tissue, etc.