Table 2.
MERS-CoV vaccine candidates.
| Vaccine type | Adjuvant | Animal model | Humoral immunity | Cellular immunity | Protective immunity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RBD-Fc | MF59, Alum, etc. | hDPP4-Tg BALB/c mice | + | + | + | (47–49) |
| RBD trimer | Alum | Mice | + | (50) | ||
| Nanoparticles(S) | Matrix M1 | hDPP4-Tg BALB/c mice | + | + | (51) | |
| S prefusion trimer | Sigma adjuvant | BALB/cJ mice | + | + | (52) | |
| S1-NTD | hDPP4-tgmice | + | + | + | (53, 54) | |
| Recombinant VLPs (pFastBacDual-M1-St/Hak) | Alum | BALB/c mice | + | + | (23) | |
| BLPs (RLP3-GEM) | GEL01 | BALB/c mice | + | + | + | (55) |
| S DNA (pVax1TM-S) (GLS-5300) | NHPs, Human | + | + | + | (56, 57) | |
| S DNA (pVRC8400) | AlPO4 | BALB/cJ mice, NHPs | + | + | (58, 59) | |
| DNA+S(S1 enhancement) | NHPs, Mice | + | + | (58) | ||
| DNA-S1(pcDNATM3.1 (+)-S1) | Mice | + | + | + | (60, 61) | |
| MVA-S | BALB/c mice, NHPs | + | + | + | (62–65) | |
| Ad5-S/S1 | BALB/c mice | + | (34) | |||
| Ad5-S | BALB/c mice | + | + | (33) | ||
| Ad41-S | BALB/c mice | + | + | (33) | ||
| Ad5-S+S nanoparticle | AdV-hDPP4-Tg BALB/c mice | + | + | (66) | ||
| ChAdOx1-S | BALB/c mice, NHPs | + | + | + | (67–69) | |
| AdC68-S | hDPP4-KI BALB/c mice | + | + | + | (70) |
Protective immunity: prevention of MERS-CoV infection in virus challenged animals, lower viral titers with mild or without histopathological changes in lungs, including inflammation of bronchial epithelium and damage of alveolar walls, eosinophilic infiltration in lung tissue, etc.