Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for residential distance to major roadways with natural menopause in the Nurses’ Health Study II participants aged 40 and above in 1989-2015 (n=91,343)
| Distance to roads | Events, n | Person-years | HR (95% CI) a |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic b | Parsimonious c | Full d | |||
| Age 40 | |||||
| A1 | |||||
| 0-49 m | 88 | 1,516 | 0.97 (0.79, 1.19) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) |
| 50-199 m | 1,396 | 21,871 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) |
| 200-499 m | 3,740 | 60,419 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) |
| ≥ 500 m | 48,302 | 808,456 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Continuous (per 100 m) | 53,526 | 892,262 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| A1-A2 | |||||
| 0-49 m | 616 | 10,223 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) |
| 50-199 m | 3,000 | 47,839 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) |
| 200-499 m | 7,165 | 116,790 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) |
| ≥ 500 m | 42,745 | 717,410 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Continuous (per 100 m) | 53,526 | 892,262 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| A1-A3 | |||||
| 0-49 m | 6,487 | 105,018 | 1.05 (1.02, 1.09) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) |
| 50-199 m | 14,743 | 239,263 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) |
| 200-499 m | 17,770 | 295,746 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) |
| ≥ 500 m | 14,526 | 252,235 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Continuous (per 100 m) | 53,526 | 892,262 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
| Previous year | |||||
| A1 | |||||
| 0-49 m | 80 | 1,422 | 1.02 (0.82, 1.28) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.26) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.24) |
| 50-199 m | 1,255 | 20,954 | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) |
| 200-499 m | 3,441 | 57,457 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) |
| ≥ 500 m | 48,750 | 812,429 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Continuous (per 100 m) | 53,526 | 892,262 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| A1-A2 | |||||
| 0-49 m | 590 | 10,037 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) |
| 50-199 m | 2,748 | 45,540 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) |
| 200-499 m | 6,623 | 111,701 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) |
| ≥ 500 m | 43,565 | 724,984 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Continuous (per 100 m) | 53,526 | 892,262 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
| A1-A3 | |||||
| 0-49 m | 6,028 | 100,564 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) |
| 50-199 m | 13,811 | 230,494 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) |
| 200-499 m | 17,152 | 290,598 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) |
| ≥ 500 m | 16,535 | 270,606 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Continuous (per 100 m) | 53,526 | 892,262 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Hazard ratios greater than 1 indicate that the exposure is associated with earlier menopause, and HRs less than 1 indicate an association with later menopause.
Adjusted for age and calendar years.
Additionally adjusted for body mass index, smoking status, race/ethnicity, region, and Census tract median income, median home values, and population density.
Additionally adjusted for physical activity, parity, age at first birth, history of breastfeeding, female hormone use, oral contraceptives use, history of rotating shift work, alternate healthy eating index, alcohol intake, marital status, diagnosis of endometriosis or uterine fibroids, and age at menarche.