Table 4.
Adjusted associations with ≥ 1 neighborhood walk trip/day.
| Characteristic | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.11 |
| Female (vs male) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.18) | 0.99 |
| Education level (vs graduate/professional) | ||
| <High school degree | 0.92 (0.77, 1.11) | 0.43 |
| High school degree/equivalent | 0.68 (0.55, 0.83) | <0.0001 |
| Some college/associate’s degree | 0.71 (0.63, 0.80) | 0.0005 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.91 (0.73, 1.15) | 0.41 |
| Race/ethnicity (vs NH White) | ||
| Black/African Americanb | 0.53 (0.38, 0.76) | 0.001 |
| Hispanicc | 1.33 (0.47, 3.74) | 0.60 |
| NH Asian | 1.39 (0.98, 1.99) | 0.07 |
| NH Other | 0.87 (0.48, 1.55) | 0.63 |
| Annual household income (vs < 35,000) | ||
| 35,000–75,000 | 0.91 (0.76, 1.08) | 0.27 |
| 75,000–125,000 | 1.03 (0.85, 1.24) | 0.77 |
| >125,000 | 1.11 (0.89, 1.40) | 0.35 |
| Home ownership (vs own) | ||
| Rent | 1.15 (0.86, 1.55) | 0.35 |
| Other | 1.49 (0.83, 2.66) | 0.19 |
| Employment status (vs retired) | ||
| Working | 0.66 (0.46, 0.96) | 0.04 |
| Other | 0.83 (0.62, 1.96) | 0.19 |
| No household vehicle(s) (vs any) | 2.81 (1.95, 4.07) | <0.0001 |
| Household size (vs 1) | ||
| 2 people | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | 0.23 |
| 3 or more people | 0.98 (0.78, 1.21) | 0.84 |
| Medical condition resulted in giving up driving | 0.79 (0.50, 1.23) | 0.30 |
| Medical device used to walk | 0.49 (0.37, 0.65) | <0.0001 |
| Housing units/mi2 (US Census block group) (vs 0–499) | ||
| 500–999 | 1.28 (0.95, 1.73) | 0.10 |
| 1,000–3,999 | 1.74 (1.18, 2.58) | 0.007 |
| 4,000–9,999 | 2.68 (1.73, 4.17) | <0.0001 |
| ≥10,000 | 4.72 (2.42, 9.21) | <0.0001 |
| Renter-occupied housing (US Census block group) (vs 0–14%) | ||
| 15–24% | 1.11 (0.76, 1.64) | 0.59 |
| 25–34% | 1.09 (0.79, 1.50) | 0.60 |
| 35–44% | 1.08 (0.88, 1.32) | 0.45 |
| 45–64% | 1.10 (0.87, 1.39) | 0.43 |
| 65–100% | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) | 0.75 |
| Workers/mi2 (US Census tract) (vs 0–49) | ||
| 50–249 | 1.06 (0.81, 1.38) | 0.68 |
| 250–999 | 0.98 (0.71, 1.37) | 0.92 |
| 1,000–1,999 | 0.78 (0.56, 1.09) | 0.15 |
| 2,000–999,999 | 0.76 (0.44, 1.29) | 0.31 |
| Census region (vs South) | ||
| Northeast | 1.14 (0.89, 1.46) | 0.32 |
| Midwest | 1.00 (0.81, 1.22) | 0.97 |
| West | 1.24 (1.00, 1.54) | 0.06 |
| Use bus or train at least a few times/month | 1.62 (1.22, 2.16) | 0.002 |
| Season of travel diary day (vs Winter) | ||
| Spring | 1.25 (0.94, 1.66) | 0.13 |
| Summer | 1.02 (0.68, 1.53) | 0.92 |
| Fall | 1.30 (0.98, 1.72) | 0.07 |
| Travel day on weekday (vs weekend) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 0.34 |
Source: 2017 National Household Travel Survey.
Abbreviations: HS = high school; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; vs = versus; NH = Non-Hispanic.
a Reported regression estimates were weighted to provide national estimates; b includes Hispanic; c Excludes African American/Black.