Table 1.

Compounds isolated from Nigerian medicinal plants with antimalarial, antitrypanosomal, and antileishmanial activity.

Compound	Compound class/ subclass	Part of plant studied	Species name	Plant family	Place of collection	Ethnomedicinal use of the plant	Activity of the compound	References
1–6	Indole alkaloid	Fruits	Picralima nitida	Apocynaceae	Nnewi	Fever, jaundice, gastrointestinal disorders, and malaria	Antiplasmodial	Okunji et al., 2005
7	Benzophenanthridine alkaloid	Root	Fagara zanthoxyloides	Rutaceae	Ile-Ife, Osun State	Chewing sticks	Antiplasmodial	Kassim et al., 2005
8	Beta carboline Alkaloid	Bark	Nauclea pobeguinii	Rubiaceae	Oju LGA Benue State	Fever, jaundice, malaria, diarrhea	Antitrypanosomal	Igoli et al., 2011
9 and 10	Alkaloid	Seed	Monodora myristica	Annonaceae	Oju LGA Benue State	Fever, sepsis, stomach-ache, and constipation	Antitrypanosomal	Igoli et al., 2011
11–14	Isoquinoline alkaloid	Stembark	Enantia chlorantha Oliv.	Annonaceae	Ore, Ondo state	Stomach problems, rickettsia, typhoid fever, jaundice, malaria, and tuberculosis, some	Antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal	Imieje et al., 2017
15–24	Steroid alkaloid	Leaves and stembark	Holarrhena africana (syn. Holarrhena floribunda)	Apocynaceae	Nsukka LGA Enugu State	Convulsion, Fever, malaria, snake venom antidote	Antitrypanosomal	Nnadi et al., 2017, 2019
25	Diterpenoid	Leaves	Hyptis suaveolens	Lamiaceae	South-Eastern Nigeria	Respiratory tract infections, colds, pain, fever, cramps, and skin diseases	Antiplasmodial	Chukwujekwu et al., 2005
26–28	Diterpenoid	Stembark	Jatropha multifida	Euphorbiaceae	Edo State	Hepatitis and leishmaniasis	Antiplasmodial and antileishmanial	Falodun et al., 2014
29–32	Diterpenes/ sesquiterpenes	Rhizomes	Siphonochilus aethiopicus	Zingiberaceae	Makurdi, Benue State	Colds, coughs, hysteria, infections, wound dressing, fevers, and pain	Antitrypanosomal	Igoli N. et al., 2011
33–35	Diterpenoid	Leaves	Polyalthia longifolia	Annonaceae	Anyigba, Kogi State	In the treatment of trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and malaria	Trypanosomiasis	Ebiloma et al., 2017
36	Diterpenoid	Roots	Jatropha gossypiifolia	Euphorbiaceae	Benin City, Edo State	Leprosy, as an antidote for snakebite and in urinary problems	Antiplasmodial, antileishmanial	Ogbonna et al., 2017
37	Sesquiterpenes	Leaves	Piliostigma thonningii	Leguminosae	Abuja	Treatment of ulcers, wounds, heart pain, arthritis, malaria, fever, leprosy, sore throat, diarrhea, toothache, and cough	Antitrypanosomal	Afolayan et al., 2018
38 and 39	Labdane diterpenes	Leaves	Piliostigma thonningii	Leguminosae	Abuja	Treatment of ulcers, wounds, heart pain, arthritis, malaria, fever, leprosy, sore throat, diarrhea, toothache, and cough	Antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial	Afolayan et al., 2018
40	Cassane diterpene	Roots	Calliandra portoricensis	Fabaceae	Jos, Plateau State	Treatment of tuberculosis, constipation, and helminthiasis	Antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial	Nvau et al., 2020
41	Terpenoid/ diterpenoid	Leaves	Eucalyptus maculata	Myrtaceae	Anyigba, Kogi State	In the treatment of trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and malaria	Antitrypanosomal	Ebiloma et al., 2017
42–44	Triterpenoid	stem bark	Spathodea campanulata	Bignoniaciaciae	–	Malaria	Antiplasmodial	Amusan et al., 1996
45 and 46	Triterpenoid	stem bark	Khaya grandifoliola	Meliaceae	–	Malaria and other febrile conditions	Antiplasmodial	Agbedahunsi and Elujoba, 1998
47	Triterpenoid		Cassia siamea L.	Fabaceae	Otu, Oyo State	As laxative and in treatment of insomnia, diabetes, and hypertension	Antiplasmodial	Ajaiyeoba et al., 2008
48	Triterpene	Leaves	Combretum racemosum	Combretaceae	Ibadan, Oyo State	Parasitic diseases and fever	Antiplasmodial	Oluyemi et al., 2020
49	Tetraterpenoids/ carotenoids	Leaves	Bridelia ferruginea	Euphorbiaceae	Eruwa, Oyo State	Purgative and vermifuge	Antitrypanosomal	Afolayan et al., 2019
50	Flavonol	Roots	Spondias mombim	Anacardiaceae	Oju LGA Benue State	Cough, sore throat, antiseptic soap, and malaria	Antitrypanosomal	Igoli et al., 2011
51	Flavonol	Bark	Alcornea cordifolia	Euphorbiaceae	Oju LGA Benue State	Fever, rheumatic pains, urinary tract infections, ringworm, and dysentery	Antitrypanosomal	Igoli et al., 2011
52	Flavonoid	Leaves	Chromolaena odorata	Asteraceae	Lagos State	Malaria	Antiplasmodial	Ezenyi et al., 2014
53 and 54	Flavonoid	Leaves	Vitex simplicifolia	Verbenaceae	Nsukka LGA, Enugu State	To treat edema, gout, malaria, skin diseases, toothache, and dermatitis	Antitrypanosomal	Nwodo et al., 2015a
55	Chalcone	Leaves	Cajanus cajan	Fabaceae	Otu, Oyo State	Laxative, antimalarial	Antiplasmodial	Ajaiyeoba et al., 2013
56	Anthraquinone	Leaves	Mitracarpus scaber	Rubiaceae	Zaria, Kaduna State	Headaches, skin and venereal diseases, toothaches, leprosy, amenorrhoea	Antitrypanosomal	Nok, 2002
57	Quinone	Whole plant	Cassia nigricans	Caesalpinaceae	Kaduna State	Stomach ulcers	Antiplasmodial	Obodozie et al., 2004
57	Quinone	Stem bark	Cassia siamea	Fabaceae	Otu in Oyo State	For insomnia, as laxative and antidiabetic	Antiplasmodial	Ajaiyeoba et al., 2008
58	Anthraquinone	Leaves	Crateva adansonii	Capparaceae	Nsukka, Enugu State	Treatment of headaches, ear, and parasitic infections	Antitrypanosomal	Igoli et al., 2014
59 and 60	Isoflavanquinones	Roots	Abrus precatorius	Fabaceae	Umuoriehi Umuahia, Abia State	Diabetes, hemoglobinuria, sore throat, rheumatism, skin infections, and jaundice	Antileishmanial	Okoro et al., 2020
61–65	Tannins	stem bark	Terminalia avicennoides and Anogeissus leiocarpus	Combretaceae	Bauchi State	TA: cure dental carries and skin infections AL: diarrhea, dysentery, and malaria,	Antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial	Shuaibu et al., 2008a,b,c
66	Coumarin	Stem	Euphorbia poisonii	Euphorbiaceae	Oju LGA Benue State	Pain killer, laxative, pesticide, arrow-poison	Antitrypanosomal	Igoli et al., 2011
67	Saponins	Seed	Dracaena mannii (DM) and D. arborea (DA)	Dracaenaceae	Isi-Enu, Nsukka, Enugu State	DM: Stomach-ache, mental illness gonorrhea, and chest pains DA: epilepsy, measles, smallpox, venereal diseases	Antiplasmodial	Okunji et al., 1996
68–70	Glycoside/glucoside	Leaves	Stachytarpheta cayennensis	Verbenaceae	–	Malaria, helminthiasis fever and constipation	Antiplasmodial	Ifeoma Chinwude et al., 2016
71 and 72	Irodid glucoside	Leaves	Vitex grandifolia	Lamiaceae	Ilorin, Kwara State	Colic, umbilical cord infections, toothache, rheumatism, and orchitis	Antileishmaial	Bello et al., 2018
73	Peptide	Leaves	Crateva adansonii DC		Nsukka, Enugu State	Treatment of headaches, ear-aches, and parasitic infections	Antitrypanosomal	Igoli et al., 2014
74 and 75	Amine (dipeptides)	Roots	Zapoteca portoricensis	Fabaceae	Nsukka, Enugu State	For wound healing, toothache, tonsilitis, diarrhea, and as an anticonvulsant and antispasmodic	Antitrypanosomal	Nwodo et al., 2014
76 and 77	Fatty acids	Leaves	Carica papaya	Caricaceae	Abia State	Asthma, rheumatism, fever, diarrhea, boils, and hypertension and as lactogenic	Antiplasmodial	Melariri et al., 2011
78 and 79	Taccalonolide	Tubers	Tacca leontopetaloides	Taccaceae	Benue State	Stomach disorders, gastric ulcers, tooth ache, high blood pressure, hepatitis, enteritis, and sexual dysfunction	Antitrypanosomal	Dike et al., 2016
80 and 81	Pheophorbide	Leaves	Crateva adansonii DC	Capparaceae	Nsukka, Enugu State	Treatment of headaches, ear, and parasitic infections.	Antitrypanosomal	Igoli et al., 2014
82 and 83	Pheophytins	Leaves	Newbouldia laevis	Bignoniaceae	Anyigba, Kogi State	To hasten parturition and placenta delivery	Antitrypanosomal	Ebiloma et al., 2017