Table 6.

Pathogens in animal models that cause APOs.

Pathogen	Animal model	Observed APO
Brucella	Cattle [333]	Pregnancy loss
	Sheep [333]
Chlamydia	Sheep [334]	Pregnancy loss
	Mice [334, 335]
	Guinea pigs [336]
	Pigs [337]
Cytomegalovirus	Mice [338]	Neurological sequelae, pregnancy loss
	Guinea pigs [338, 339]
	NHP [159, 160]
Hepatitis E virus	Rabbit [340, 341]	Pregnancy loss
Group B Streptococcus	Mice [342] NHP [343]	Pregnancy loss, meningitis, pneumonia, neurological developmental disabilities
Listeria monocytogenes	NHP [161–163]	Pregnancy loss
	Guinea pigs [254, 344]
Rubella	Rats [345, 346]	Pregnancy loss, neonatal demise, ocular abnormalities
Toxoplasma gondii	Sheep [347, 348]	Pregnancy loss
	Mice [349]
	NHP [350]
Zika virus	NHP [164–166]	Pregnancy loss, fetal malformations
	Mice [351]
	Guinea pigs [352]
	Pigs [353]

APOs, adverse pregnancy outcomes.