Table 3.
Mental health outcomes and correlations found by bivariate analysis
| Mental health variable | Positive correlation with | Negative correlation with | No significant correlation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashaba (2018) | Major depressive disorder | Stigma, bullying, duration on ART | Age, gender, orphanhood, HIV status of the caregiver | |
| Suicidality | Stigma, bullying | Age, gender, orphanhood, HIV status of the caregiver, duration on ART | ||
| Bankole (2017) | Depression | Older age, academic failure, living with relatives, orphanhood, more than one hospitalization | Gender, WHO clinical stage, CD4 count, HAART | |
| Gentz (2017) | Emotional and behavioral difficulties (SDQ) | Days without food, missed ARV doses, having disclosed HIV status to others, stigma, negative self-image, public attitude | Support through caregiver and friends, child-specific assets | HIV-related health variables (CD4 count, viral load, time on ART), age of disclosure, time since disclosure |
| Kemigisha (2019) | Depression | Older age, time to clinic > 30 min, sexual risk behavior, having disclosed HIV status to others | Taking taxi/motorcycle for transport to the clinic | Gender, parental death, WHO clinical stage, adherence |
| Kim (2015) | Depression | Fewer years of schooling, change in caregiver, experience of forced sex or abuse, being bullied, dissatisfaction with physical appearance, older age at disclosure, worse immunological state, being malnourished | Mother/father as caregiver | Family income, location of home, time to clinic, failed school term, hospital admissions (past year), being on ART, history of TB treatment, WHO clinical stage |
| Kinyanda (2019) | Emotional disorders | Older age, higher caregiver education | Gender, urban/rural study site, type of caregiver, orphanhood, education level, SES, CD4 count, being on ART | |
| Behavioral disorders | Older age, male gender | Urban/rural study site, type of caregiver, orphanhood, education level, SES, CD4 count, being on ART, caregiver education | ||
| Lyambai and Mwape (2018) | Number of mental health difficulties (SDQ) | Higher level of stigma | ||
| Menon (2009) | Emotional and behavioral difficulties (SDQ) | Self-reported health problems | Taking ARV | |
| Ng (2015) | Suicidal ideation and behavior | Older age, single caregiver, not being in school, child depression, child conduct problems, caregiver mental health problems, severe physical punishment, child-reported HIV-stigma | Good parenting, community support | Gender |
| Suicidal behavior only | Positive HIV status, HIV status of the caregiver | Higher SES | ||
| Musisi and Kinyanda (2009) | Psychological distress | Older age, being out of school, not being able to play sports at school, HIV status of the caregiver | Academic performance | |
| Okawa (2018) | Depression | Experience of HIV-associated stigma | Good relationship with family, friends, health care workers | Age, gender, education level, parental survival, basic HIV knowledge |
| Woollett (2017) | Depression, anxiety or PTSD | Days hungry, peer violence, having been inappropriately touched, hit or attacked, female gender, feeling to belong | Knowledge of HIV status, feeling able to control the future, having dreams for the future, having a safe place in the community | Age, looking after younger children or sick family members, lost someone close, not talked about loss, having been hospitalized, having disclosed HIV status, time since the disclosure |