Table 1.
Clinical studies involving diagnostic and prognostic significance of HLA-G in cancer.
| Diagnostic and prognostic potential | Association with other parameters | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | HLA-G expression was significantly correlated with tumor size, nodal status, and clinical disease stage. Patients with positive HLA-G expression had a lower survival rate than those with negative expression. |
38 | |
| HLA-G expression was more frequently observed in advanced disease stage and tumor grade. | Increased frequency of Treg was correlated to sHLA-G levels. | 39 | |
| For early breast cancer patients with loss of classical HLA class I expression, expression of HLA-G resulted in a worse relapse-free period. | 40 | ||
| Lung cancer | HLA-G correlated with high-grade histology. | Loss of classical HLA class I was associated with HLA-G upregulation. IL-10 expression coincided with HLA-G upregulation. NK cells infiltration was associated with loss of HLA class I on tumor cells. |
41 |
| HLA-G expression in non-small cell lung cancer was correlated with lymph nodal metastasis, clinical stages of the disease, and host immune response. Patients with HLA-G positive tumors had a shorter survival time than those with tumors that were HLA-G negative HLA-G exhibited an independent prognostic factor. |
42 | ||
| Patients with lower level of sHLA-G showed prolonged overall survival. | 43 | ||
| Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | The expression of HLA-G in the tumors was correlated with histologic grade, depth of invasion, nodal status, host immune response, and clinical stage of disease. Patients with positive HLA-G expression had a worse prognosis. HLA-G was an independent prognostic factor. |
44 | |
| HLA-G expression was more frequently observed in patients with advanced disease stage. Patients with HLA-G expression had a worse survival. HLA-G could be an independent prognostic factor. |
45 | ||
| Gastric cancer | The HLA-G-positive group had a more differentiated histology, less nodal invasion, and earlier clinical stage than the HLA-G-negative group. The 5-year survival rate in the HLA-G-positive group was higher than that in the HLA-G negative group. |
HLA-G expression was negatively correlated with NK cells infiltrate. | 46 |
| HLA-G expression in the tumors was correlated with the tumor location, histological grade, depth of invasion, lymph nodal metastasis, clinical stages of the disease, and host immune response. Patients with HLA-G positive tumors had a shorter survival time than those patients with tumors that were HLA-G negative. HLA-G demonstrated an independent prognostic factor. |
47 | ||
| Patients with HLA-G positive expression had poorer survival at 5 years after operation. HLA-G expression was an independent prognostic factor. |
HLA-G expression positively correlated with the presence of tumor-infiltrating Tregs. | 48 | |
| Patients with HLA-G-positive primary tumors had a poorer prognosis than patients with HLA-G-negative tumors. HLA-G expression was independent unfavorable factor for patient survival. |
Positive correlation between HLA-G expression and the number of tumor infiltrating Tregs and a negative correlation with the number of CD8+T lymphocytes | 49 | |
| Colorectal cancer | HLA-G expression in the tumors was correlated with the depth of invasion, histological grade, host immune response, lymph nodal metastasis, and clinical stages of the disease. Patients with HLA-G positive tumors had a significantly shorter survival time than those patients with tumors that were HLA-G negative. HLA-G demonstrated an independent prognostic factor. |
50 | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Patients with high HLA-G expression possessed shortened survival and significantly accelerated recurrence compared with those with low level in early HCC. | A positive correlation between tumor HLA-G expression and Tregs/CD8+ ratio | 51 |
| Patients with HLA-G-positive tumors had a shorter postoperative survival time than those with HLA-G-negative tumors. HLA-G was an independent prognostic factor. |
52 | ||
| HLA-G expression in HCC was strongly correlated to advanced disease stage. HLA-G expression was also more frequently observed in elder patients. |
53 | ||
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | HLA-G expression was associated with the clinical tumor stage and lymphatic metastasis. HLA-G level exhibited an inverse correlation with survival rate and a significant direct relationship with clinical stage. |
54 | |
| Cervical cancer | sHLA-G in plasma may have significance in the early detection of cervical malignant lesions. | 55 | |
| HLA-G expression was associated with disease stage. | HLA-G expression positive association with human papillomavirus infection and TIL score or the counting of CD57 NK cells | 56 | |
| The frequency of HLA-G expression was associated with the disease progression. | 57 | ||
| HLA-G expression was correlated to the tumor development. | 58 | ||
| Ovarian cancer | Patients with HLA-G expression had a worse prognosis. There is a correlation between HLA-G and patient survival and cancer stages. |
HLA-G expression was correlated with CA-125 elevation. | 59 |
| A positive HLA-G expression status in tumor tissue is a promising candidate parameter to predict disease recurrence. | 60 | ||
| HLA-G in effusions was correlated with solid metastases. The reduced expression of HLA-G in post-chemotherapy effusions was correlated with improved survival. |
61 | ||
| HLA-G was associated with advanced stages and emergence of the first metastases. | 62 | ||
| Endometrial adenocarcinoma | HLA-G was associated with advanced stage and metastases. | 63 | |
| Bladder cancer | There was a highly significant increase in the expression of HLA-G on cancer bladder cases with metastatic prostate infiltration. | 64 | |
| Melanoma | HLA-G expression was associated with the disease progression. | 65 | |
| There was a correlation of sHLA-G serum level with advanced stages and tumor load. Patients undergoing immunotherapy with IFN-alpha showed an increased serum sHLA-G, whereas other treatment regimens did not influence sHLA-G serum concentrations. |
66 | ||
| Leukemia | There was a highly significant relationship between elevated sHLA-G plasma levels and the absence of anterior myelodysplasia and high-level leukocytosis. | 67 | |
| Patients with lower level of HLA-G expression had a longer progression-free survival (PFS) time. | 68 | ||
| Cutaneous lymphomas | HLA-G expression was associated with high-grade histology and advanced stage. | IL-10 expression was correlated with HLA-G protein presence. | 69 |
| Pancreatic cancer | HLA-G was associated with both shorter OS and DFS. | 70 | |
| There was a positive association between tumoral HLA-G expression and T stage. Diffuse expression of HLA-G in tumor tissues was associated with poor OS. |
71 | ||
| High level of HLA-G correlated with PDAC aggressive features, such as more advanced stage (TNM Stage II), extrapancreatic infiltration (T3 stage), lymph node involvement, and poor differentiation. | The level of sHLA-G was inversely related to numbers of peripheral activated T cells (CD8+CD28+ T cells). | 72 | |
| Glioma | Tumors with high HLA-G expression were associated with larger tumors and lower mean hyperintensive contrast. Patients with tumors having high HLA-G expression were less likely to have undergone complete resections. |
73 | |
| Thyroid cancer | HLA-G expression was associated with an increased occurrence of lymph node metastasis and capsular invasion. HLA-G could have an independent prognostic value, principally for tumor recurrence. |
74 |