Table 1.
Associations between intake of added sugar and risk of incident stroke, coronary events, atrial fibrillation and aortic stenosis.
| Added sugar intake categories | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5 E% | 5–7.5 E% | 7.5–10 E% | 10–15 E% | 15–20 E% | >20 E% | ||
| (n = 2,354) | (n = 5,027) | (n = 6,709) | (n = 8,735) | (n = 2,377) | (n = 675) | P-trend | |
| Stroke | |||||||
| Cases/person-years | 220/45,382 | 459/99,027 | 665/132,501 | 896/16,9957 | 251/45,522 | 89/12,129 | |
| Basic model | 1 | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 1.28 (1.00–1.64) | 0.62 |
| Main model | 1 | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 0.88 (0.76–1.04) | 0.87 (0.75–1.02) | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 1.16 (0.89–1.51) | 0.39 |
| Basic modela | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1 | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.52 (1.22–1.90) | – |
| Main modela | 1.13 (0.97–1.33) | 0.99 (0.87–1.11) | 1 | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | 1.31 (1.03–1.66) | – |
| Coronary events | |||||||
| Cases/person-years | 216/45,758 | 526/98,903 | 712/132,271 | 1,000/169,782 | 271/45,356 | 115/12,192 | |
| Basic model | 1 | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.96 (0.82–1.11) | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 1.73 (1.37–2.17) | 0.02 |
| Main model | 1 | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 0.99 (0.84–1.15) | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | 1.39 (1.09–1.78) | 0.47 |
| Atrial fibrillation | |||||||
| Cases/person-years | 365/44,955 | 795/97,087 | 1,140/129,803 | 1,434/167,028 | 403/44,768 | 104/12,168 | |
| Basic model | 1 | 0.88 (0.78–1.00) | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 0.85 (0.74–0.99) | 0.89 (0.71–1.10) | 0.09 |
| Main model | 1 | 0.90 (0.80–1.03) | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 0.85 (0.75–0.96) | 0.90 (0.78–1.05) | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) | 0.40 |
| Aortic stenosis | |||||||
| Cases/person-years | 59/46,590 | 126/101,045 | 161/135,715 | 250/173,9587 | 53/46,720 | 20/12,632 | |
| Basic model | 1 | 0.85 (0.63–1.16) | 0.74 (0.55–1.00) | 0.86 (0.65–1.15) | 0.68 (0.47–0.99) | 1.05 (0.63–1.75) | 0.46 |
| Main model | 1 | 0.86 (0.63–1.17) | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 0.69 (0.47–1.02) | 0.97 (0.57–1.66) | 0.84 |
Analysis of added sugar was carried out twice using different reference categories for stroke (<5 and 7.5–10 E%) due to the U-shaped trend. E%, Energy percentage.
The associations were determined using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model and are expressed as hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval and P-value for the linear trend. The basic model was adjusted for age, sex, season of dietary assessment, diet method, and energy intake. The main model was adjusted for age, sex, season of dietary assessment, diet method, energy intake, smoking status, educational level, leisure-time physical activity, alcohol consumption, BMI, and dietary habits including intake of processed meat, coffee, saturated fatty acids, and fiber density.