Table 1.
Examples of studies using biometrics to perform stress detection.
| Study | Metrics | Subtle detection technique employed |
|---|---|---|
| Kuboi et al. (2016) | Respiration | Ultrawide band radar |
| Baek et al. (2009) | Piezoelectric sensor in the seatbelt | |
| Photoplethysmography | LED and photodiodes in the steering wheel | |
| Galvanic skin response (electrodermal activity) | Copper sheet on the steering wheel | |
| Electrocardiogram | Electrodes on the seat | |
| Tomii and Ohtsuki (2015) | Ultrawide band radar | |
| Pedrotti et al. (2014) | Pupil diameter | Remote video eye tracker |
| Gao et al. (2014) | Facial expressions | Near InfraRed camera |
| Fernandez and Picard (2003) | Voice features analysis | Microphone |
| Anzengruber and Riener (2012) | Skin temperature | Thermal Infrared Imaging |
| Beggiato et al. (2018) | Body posture | Seat pressure, motion tracking system |