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. 2020 Oct 7;31(2):949–960. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa267

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© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Stimulation profile and experimental design. Left panel: stimulation profile of a typical block of all three experiments. Stimulus intensity abruptly increased from a baseline level to a target level in 10 ms, plateaued for 1 s and then slowly increased or decreased to the next baseline in 3 s. Right panel: differential and absolute intensity were modulated using a 3 × 3 factorial design. Each abrupt increase occurred between different baseline and target levels, thus yielding 9 conditions varying in their differential intensity (the difference between baseline and target) and absolute intensity (here defined as the target intensity reached by the increase).