FIGURE 3.

Covariates used in published articles from the MUSP to adjust for possible confounding. ^a Race: child’s race, parental race, and maternal or paternal racial origin at pregnancy. ^b Child age: child age and gestational age. ^c Maternal age: maternal age at the first visit clinic or at pregnancy. ^d Maternal education: maternal education (prenatal or at birth). ^e Family income: annual family income, familial income over the first 5 years or family poverty before birth or over the first 5 years of life, family income before birth, and annual family income. ^f Maternal marital status and social support: same partner at birth and 14 years and social support at 5 years. ^g Maternal depression: maternal depression during pregnancy, 3- to 6-month follow-up, or 21-year follow-up; chronic maternal depression. ^h Maternal alcohol use: maternal alcohol use at 3- to 6-month or 14-year follow-up and binge drinking. ⁱ Maternal cigarette use: cigarette use during pregnancy, 6 months postpartum, or at 14-year follow-up. ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale; IPV, intimate partner violence. Covariates used in published articles from the MUSP to adjust for possible confounding.