Table 1.
Socio demographic, anthropometry and body composition characteristics of cases and controls N = 324
| Characteristics | Male | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases % BF > 28.6 N = 81 |
Controls %BF ≤ 28.6 N = 80 |
p value | Cases %BF > 33.7 N = 79 |
Controls %BF ≤ 33.7 N = 84 |
p value | |
| Age in years | 9.11 ± 0.323 | 9.21 ± 0.356 | 0.069a* | 9.13 ± 0.266 | 9.11 ± 0.292 | 0.572a** |
| Education level of father N (%) | ||||||
| Completed primary education | 74 (91.4) | 56 (70.0) | 0.001a* | 70 (88.6) | 74 (88.1) | 0.919a** |
| Not completed | 7 (8.6) | 24 (30.0) | 9 (11.4) | 10 (11.9) | ||
| Education level of mother N (%) | ||||||
| Completed primary education | 75 (92.6) | 59 (73.8) | 0.001a* | 64 (81.0) | 74 (88.1) | 0.210a** |
| Not completed | 6 (7.4) | 21 (26.2) | 15 (19.0) | 10 (11.9) | ||
| Employment status of parents N (%) | ||||||
| Both employed | 18 (22.2) | 8 (10.0) | 0.035a* | 31 (39.2) | 21 (25.0) | 0.051a** |
| One parent employed | 63 (77.8) | 72 (90.0) | 48 (60.8) | 63 (75.0) | ||
| Monthly income (LKR) N (%) | ||||||
| ≥ 55,000.00 | 46 (56.8) | 14 (17.5) | < 0.001a* | 27 (34.2) | 14 (16.7) | 0.01a** |
| < 55,000.00 | 35 (43.2) | 66 (82.5) | 52 (65.8) | 70 (83.3) | ||
| Number of siblings N (%) | ||||||
| ≤ 1 sibling | 36 (44.4) | 19 (23.8) | 0.006a* | 33 (41.8) | 29 (34.5) | 0.341a** |
| > 1 siblings | 45 (55.6) | 61 (76.3) | 46 (58.2) | 55 (65.5) | ||
| Height (m) | 1.36 ± 0.06 | 1.31 ± 0.07 | < 0.001b* | 1.34 ± 0.05 | 1.29 ± 0.06 | < 0.001b** |
| Weight (Kg) | 39.46 ± 1.18 | 26.12 ± 1.22 | < 0.001b* | 37.90 ± 1.16 | 25.54 ± 1.19 | < 0.001b** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20.80 (19.1,23.2) | 14.64 (13.8,17) | < 0.001c* | 21.02 (19.2,22.3) | 14.96 (13.7,16.3) | < 0.001c** |
| BMI status N (%) | ||||||
| Normal | 5 (6.2) | 70 (87.5) | < 0.001a* | 2 (2.5) | 78 (92.9) | < 0.001a** |
| Overweight | 51 (63.0) | 10 (12.5) | 57 (72.2) | 6 (7.1) | ||
| Obese | 25 (30.8) | 0 (00.0) | 20 (25.3) | 0 (00.0) | ||
| %BF | 35.8 (31.5,40.2) | 16.26 (12.6,24.1) | < 0.001c* | 38.4 (35.5,42.2) | 20.7 (15.5,27.1) | < 0.001c** |
| BF (Kg) | 13.8 (10.9,17.3) | 3.85 (2.8,7.3) | < 0.001c* | 14.6 (12.5,16.9) | 4.95 (3.6,7.5) | < 0.001c** |
| WC (cm) | 71.09 ± 1.08 | 55.37 ± 1.11 | < 0.001b* | 72.59 ± 1.12 | 54.82 ± 1.12 | < 0.001b** |
| WHtR | 0.53 ± 1.11 | 0.42 ± 1.09 | < 0.001b* | 0.53 ± 1.08 | 0.43 ± 1.09 | < 0.001b** |
BMI Body mass index, WC Waist circumference, WHtR Waist- to- height Ratio, BF Body fat
Monthly income categories were based on the mean household expenditure per month in Sri Lanka-. Household income and expenditure survey- 2016. LKR-Lankan rupee (1USD = 133.80 LKR on the day of data collection, 55,000.00 LKR = 411.06 USD)
*Differences between male cases and controls, **Differences between female cases and controls, aPearson chi-square value, bIndependent sample t-test compared mean ± SD, cMann –Whitney U test compared median (inter quartile range)-statistically significant at p < 0.05