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. 2021 Jan 5;22:4. doi: 10.1186/s12864-020-07313-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Differential expression analysis and identification of sex-biased lncRNAs. a Hierarchical clustering heat map showing the expression profile of C. pomonella lncRNAs across seven different tissues and developmental stages. Apparently, the expression profile of lncRNAs exhibits a tissue-specific pattern. Abbreviations are listed as follows: Ag, accessory gland; Ma, male antennae; Fa, female antennae; Tes, testis; Ov, ovary; Mhd, male head; Fhd, female head; Mmg, male midgut; Fmg, female midgut; E1, egg day 1; E4, egg day 4; L5, 5th-instar larva; FP, female pupa; AF, adult female. b Volcano plots showing differentially expressed genes in sex-matched tissue samples. As shown in the figure, there was no significant difference in expression between males and females in the head, midgut, and antenna samples, and only a few genes were found to be differentially expressed between the male and female samples. By contrast, a large number of genes were found to be differentially expressed between the testis and ovary, suggesting a large difference in expression between the testis and ovary. Remarkably, many more lncRNAs were upregulated in the testis than in the ovary