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. 2019 Mar 25;26(5):462–478. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocy185

Table 7.

Application programming

Blockchain Platform Scripting Language Open Source? Main Implementation Languages Software License
Bitcoin Bitcoin Script82,96 Yes185 C++185 Bitcoin Core: MIT License194
Ethereum Solidity (similar to C and Java Script), Serpent (similar to Python), and LLL (similar to Lisp)103,182,183 Yes186–190

  • Go-Ethereum: Go186

  • CPP-Ethereum: C++187

  • Py-Ethereum: Python188

  • EthereumJ: Java189

  • Parity: Rust190

  • Go-Ethereum: Lesser General Public License (LGPL) v3.0186

  • CPP-Ethereum: General Public License (GPL) v3.0187

  • Py-Ethereum: MIT License188

  • EthereumJ: General Public License (GPL) v3.0189

  • Parity: General Public License (GPL) v3.0190
Zcash Bitcoin Script125,150,176 Yes107 C++107 Copyright by the Zcash developers and the Bitcoin Core developers107
Litecoin Bitcoin Script177 Yes191 C++191 MIT License191
Dash Bitcoin Script82,178 Yes192 C++192 MIT License192
Peercoin Bitcoin Script179,180 Yes193 C++193 MIT License193
Ripple N/A (Java Script for Codius, abandoned)111,152,181 Yes84 C++84 Various Copyrights84
Monero N/A [GitHub](although the CryptoNote white paper states one89) Yes195 C++195 Copyright by The Monero Project195
MultiChain Bitcoin Script182,183 Yes113 C++113 General Public License (GPL) v3.0 113
Hyperledger

  • Various, for example,

  • Go/node.js for Fabric (Chaincode)98,

  • C++, Go, Java, JavaScript, Python, Rust, or Solidity (through Seth) for Sawtooth154,184

 Yes114

  • Various, for example,

  • Go for Fabric,

  • Python for Sawtooth114

  • Various, for example,

  • Apache License v2.0 for Fabric,

  • Copyright by Intel Corporation for Sawtooth114