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. 2021 Jan 6;21:26. doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-06014-7

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Synthesis of Causal Map of Barriers and Facilitators to Acute Care Delivery in the pA&E. R: Reinforcing, B: Balancing. Physician presence: refers to the physical presence of a supervising consultant physician in the pA&E. Faced with competing academic, administrative, and other demands, a consultant may not always be available and present in the pA&E