Fig. 3. Classical electrochemistry framework of Zn metal electrodeposition.

(A) Schematic diagram showing the four fluxes near the electrochemical interface. The red curve shows the concentration (conc.) profile of the metal cations. (B) Current density–overpotential relation of Zn deposition in a 0.05 M ZnSO₄ aqueous electrolyte. (C) Mass transport limit induced dendritic growth of Zn electrodeposits and corresponding concentration profile. Adapted with permission from (52, 53). (D) Electroconvection formed near an ion-selective membrane or metal electrodeposits. Adapted with permission from (67, 70). (E) Effects of dimensionless Damköhler numbers on electrodeposition morphology. (E-1) Exchange current density versus diffusion-limited current density, and (E-2) reaction rate versus self-diffusion rate. Adapted with permission from (37, 38).