. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 6.

Published in final edited form as: J Nutr Educ Behav. 2012 Jan 10;44(3):217–224. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2011.08.003

Table 4.

Associations of supermarket and fast food outlet accessibility/availability with DASH adherence score for youth with diabetes.

Food outlet types/Accessibility and availability measures	Model 1^a		Model 2^b		Model 3^c		Model 4^d

	Estimated difference	95% CI	Estimated difference	95% CI	Estimated difference	95% CI	Estimated difference	95% CI
Supermarket
Distance to nearest(miles)	−0.326^*	−0.595,−0.057	−0.294^*	−0.569,−0.020	−0.294	−0.592,0.004	−0.411	−0.913,0.091
Average distance to three nearest(miles)	−0.310^*	−0.557,−0.061	−0.285^*	−0.533,−0.038	−0.302^*	−0.595,−0.008	−0.703^*	−1.278,−0.128
Number in 4-mile buffer	0.218	−0.035, 0.471	0.189	−0.064,0.442	0.182	−0.103,0.467	0.217	−0.074,0.508
Crude density in 4-mile buffer(per sq.mile)	5.459^**	1.309, 9.609	4.775^*	0.523,9.028	5.246^*	0.514,9.978	5.524^*	0.607,10.441
Kernel density(per sq.mile)	1.344^*	0.101, 2.587	1.112	−0.137,2.362	1.380	−0.222,2.982	2.042^*	0.026,4.058
Fast Food Outlet
Distance to nearest(miles)	−0.229	−0.560,0.102	−0.191	−0.512,0.131	−0.131	−0.536,0.274	0.166	−0.474,0.806
Average distance to three nearest(miles)	−0.176	−0.485,0.133	−0.148	−0.444,0.148	−0.081	−0.468,0.305	0.517	−0.197,1.231
Number in 1-mile buffer	−0.002	−0.345,0.341	−0.012	−0.369,0.344	−0.039	−0.410,0.331	−0.169	−0.612,0.275
Crude density in 1-mile buffer(per sq.mile)	0.008	−0.242,0.257	0.012	−0.248,0.272	−0.012	−0.285,0.260	−0.083	−0.392,0.227
Kernel density(per sq.mile)	0.148	−0.234,0.529	0.082	−0.310,0.474	0.018	−0.427,0.462	−0.301	−0.856,0.255

adjusted for age at clinic visit, race/ethnicity, gender, cohort year, diabetes type, diabetes duration

Model 1+parental education

Model 2+urbanicity

Model 3+fast food outlet accessibility/availability in supermarket model or supermarket accessibility/availability in fast food model

p-value: <0.05

^**

p-value: <0.01

^***

p-value: <0.0001