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. 2020 Aug 26;26(8):733–745. doi: 10.1177/1753425920949917

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© The Author(s) 2020

Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 1. — Intact peptidoglycan from L. rhamnosus MLGA induces avian β-defensin 9 (AvBD9) gene expression in different chicken cell types and intestinal tissue explants. Chicken primary cells were incubated with 50 µg/ml of peptidoglycan for indicated time points (a) or indicated concentrations of peptidoglycan for 6 h (b). (c) Chicken jejunal, ileal, and cecal explants were treated with indicated concentrations of peptidoglycan for 24 h. The AvBD9 mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR, and the relative gene expression was calculated using the comparative 2-ΔΔCt method with the GAPDH gene as a reference for normalization and presented as fold-expression change relative to the control group. Values are given as the mean ± SD of two to three independent experiments.