Table 4.
Laboratory and CSF studies
| Mild | Moderate | Severe | Encephalopathy cases | Cases without encephalopathy | OR | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 12 | 18 | 13 | 43 | 12 | - | - |
| Blood tests values (median) | |||||||
| Lymphocytes/mm3 | 1020 (705–1257) | 1476 (65–2010) | 980 (680 – 1460) | 1150 (645–1680) | 1400 (1100–2000) | 1.000 (CI 0.999–1.001 | 0.33* |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 71.3 (46.7–168.3) | 92.7 (45.7–156.7) | 115.0 (69.4–176.9) | 90.2 (49.3–174.4) | 36.4 (11.4–176.4) | 1.002 (CI 0.996–1.008) | 0.46* |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 22.7 (15.5–36.2) | 52.6 (22.4–68.1) | 64.5 (28–81.8) | 35.5 (21.7–81.8) | 13.1 (10.0–19.9) | 1.015 (CI 1.002–1.028) | 0.03** |
| D-dimer (ng/ml) | 1974.0 (801.5–5231) | 4444.0 (1594–14,950) | 4716.5 (2411.3–14,827.8) | 4222.0 (1538.5–8891.3) | 1469.0 (488.0–3775.3) | 1.000 (CI 0.999–1.001) | 0.37** |
| Platelets 103/mm3 | 255 (166–326) | 270 (213–364) | 235 (189–254) | 242 (173–320) | 292 (218–369) | 0.999 (CI 0.995–1.003) | 0.66** |
| Abnormal blood tests | |||||||
| Creatinine >1.2 (males); > 0.9 (females) mg/dL | 5 (42%) | 12 (67%) | 10 (77%) | 27 (63%) | 5 (42%) | 0.796 (CI 0.186–3.397) | 0.76** |
| Sodium > 145 mEq/L | 0 (0%) | 7 (39%) | 3 (23%) | 10 (23%) | 0 (0%) | 1.903 (CI 0.425–8.518) | 0.40** |
| Sodium < 135 mEq/L | 2 (17%) | 2 (11%) | 2 (15%) | 6 (14%) | 1 (8%) | 2.988 (CI 0.474–18.858) | 0.24** |
| NT-proBNP > 125 pg/mL | 3/3 (100%) | 7/8 (88%) | 4/4 (100%) | 14/15 (93%) | 3/6 (50%) | - | - |
| Creatinine phosphokinase > 190 (men); > 167 (women) U/L | 0/8 (0%) | 6/13 (46%) | 3/11 (27%) | 9/31 (29%) | 3/10 (30%) | - | - |
| ALT > 120 U/L | 0/12 (0%) | 3/17 (18%) | 0/12 (0%) | 3/41 (7%) | 0/11 (0%) | - | - |
| Indirect bilirubin > 0.6 mg/dL | 0/10 (0%) | 0/16 (0%) | 0/11 (0%) | 0/37 (0%) | 0/10 (0%) | - | - |
| Albumin < 3.4 g/dL | 7/9 (78%) | 13/14 (93%) | 5/7 (71%) | 25/30 (83%) | 6/6 (100%) | - | - |
| Prothrombin time ratio > 1.4 | 0/11 (0%) | 1/16 (6%) | 1/12 (8%) | 2/39 (5%) | 0/10 (0%) | - | - |
| Cerebrospinal fluid findings | |||||||
| White blood cells > 4/mm3 | 0/8 (0%) | 1/8 (13%) | 1/7 (14%) | 2/23 (9%) | 0/3 (0%) | - | - |
| Protein > 40 mg/dL | 2/8 (25%) | 3/8 (38%) | 4/7 (57%) | 9/23 (39%) | 2/3 (67%) | - | |
| Protein > 40 mg/dL without diabetes | 0/8 (0%) | 2/8 (25%) | 3/7 (43%) | 5/23 (22%) | 1/3 (33%) | - | - |
| Glucose < 50 mg/dL | 1/8 (13%) | 1/8 (13%) | 1/7 (14%) | 3/23 (13%) | 0/3 (0%) | - | - |
| Lactate > 22 mg/dL | 0/8 (0%) | 3/8 (38%) | 2/7 (29%) | 5/23 (22%) | 0/3 (0%) | - | - |
| Elevated CSF gamma-globulin | 0/6 | 1/6 (17%) | 0/6 (0%) | 1/18 (5%) | 1/2 (50%) | - | - |
| Oligoclonal bands present | 0/8 (0%) | 0/8 (0%) | 0/8 (0%) | 0/23 (0%) | 0/3 (0%) | - | - |
| Interleukin 6 > 7.8 pg/mL | 0/1 (0%) | 1/2 (50%) | 2/2 (100%) | 3/5 (60%) | 0/1 (0%) | - | - |
| PCR for SARS-CoV-2 positive | 0/6 (0%) | 0/8 (0%) | 1/7 (14%) | 1/21 (4%) | 0/3 (0%) | - | - |
Data are median (IQR), mean (SD) or n/N (%). N is the total number of patients with available data and n the number of positive patients. OR, odds ratio
*Primary analysis, ordinal logistic regression
**Exploratory analysis, ordinal logistic regression