Fig. 5.

Electrical microenvironment mediates the phenotypic changes of macrophages by the AKT2-IRF5 signaling pathway. (a) Pathway Enrichment analysis of normalized gene expression data in each group by microarray analysis. (b) The mRNA expression levels of pathway genes in each group. (c) The AKT2 and phosphorylatd AKT2 were activated under high glucose conditions and inhibited in an electrical microenviroenvirnment. (d, e) The expression of IRF5 and HIF-1α in cells treated with or without AKT inhibitor. (f, g) Flow cytometry analysis of cell surface markers CD11c and CCR7 under different conditions. (h) The schematic representation of molecular signaling events that mediates electrical microenvironment-induced macrophage polarization. *denotes significantly different from the UP-NG group, ^#denotes significantly different from the UP-HG group (n = 3).