Table 2.

Coded indicators of specific family violence outcomes as measured by the included studies

Outcome	Indicator and period*	Descriptions*	No. data sources†	Frequently used codes‡
	Prenatal neglect/substance misuse during pregnancy		20
Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)	NAS: primary diagnosis	Diagnosis of substance withdrawal symptoms in newborns, typically within the first few days after birth, resulting from drug use (commonly opioids) during pregnancy.135	1336 39–43 45	ICD-9: 779.5. ICD-10: P96.1.
	Newborn affected by drugs	Less specific indicator of NAS, defined by the fetus being affected by maternal substances, noxious influences or medications NOS.	739 43	ICD-9: 760.72. ICD-10: P04.4x.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)	FAS: primary diagnosis	FAS is one type of a spectrum of disorders linked to alcohol exposure during pregnancy. Symptoms include abnormal facial features, deficiencies in growth (including brain/ neurophysiology) and/or neurobehavioural impairment in children (0–19 years, typically diagnosed 2–5 years).136	746–52	ICD-9: 760.71. ICD-10: Q86.0, P04.3.
	Child maltreatment (CM) among children aged 0–19 years		50
CM	CM primary diagnoses	Any diagnosis of CM including neglect, abandonment, physical, sexual and psychological/emotional abuse (0–18 years).	1914 55 59 60 62 66 68 71 77 80 82 85 87 96 97	ICD-9: 995.5x, E967.x, E960.x-968.x. ICD-10: T74.x, Y06.x, Y07.x.
	Abusive head trauma (AHT)	Skull and/or intracranial injuries due to inflicted blunt impact/penetration and/or violent shaking (0–5 years). Coding clusters include different degrees of certainty: ‘definite or presumptive’ and ‘probable’ AHT. Other common terms are ‘shaking infant syndrome’ or ’whiplash shaking baby syndrome’.137	462 80 85 138	ICD-9: As in CM + 781.0-781.4, 800.x-801.x, 854.0 x, 950.0-950.3. ICD-10: As in CM + S06.0-S06.9, S09.7-S09.8, T90.5.
	Traumatic brain injury (TBI)	Skull and/or intracranial injuries and concussion (<5 years of age) characterised by the level of loss of consciousness or altered mental status, ranging from mild TBI (in most cases a concussion) to severe TBI (patient is comatose, unable to open their eyes and so on).139	757 66 69 76 80 84 92	ICD-9: 800.0-801.9, 803.0-804.9, 850.1-850.5, 850.9, 851.0-854.1, 959.01. ICD-10: S02.0, S02.1x, S02.8, S02.91, S04.02, S04.03.x, S04.04x, S06.x, S07.1, T74.4.
	Skull fractures	A fracture of one or more bones of the cranial vault or skull base.	1053 57 70 72 73 75 83 88 95 96	ICD-9: 800.x-804.x ICD-10: S02.x
	Subdural haematoma	A collection of blood between the dura and arachnoid coverings of the brain. In this review, subdural haematoma includes ICD-coded subdural haemorrhages.	557 76 88 94 96	ICD-9: 852.2, 432.1. ICD-10: I62.0, S06.57.
	Retinal haemorrhage	Extravasation of blood into the retina, between the retina and the subhyaloid or preretinal or between the retina and the subretina.	465 81 88 96	ICD-9: 362.81. ICD-10: H35.6.
	Upper limb fractures	In this review, referred to as fractures of the humerus, radius or the ulna.	474 86 89 91 96	ICD-9: 812.x, 813.x ICD-10: S42.2-S42.9, T10.
	Lower limb fractures	In this review, referred to as fractures of the femur, diaphysis, tibia or fibula.	654 56 63 67 89 96	ICD-9: 820.x, 821.x. ICD-10: S72.x, S82.x, T12.
	Rib fractures	A break in the rib bone of the thoracic skeleton.	464 74 88 89	ICD-9: 807.0-807.1x ICD-10: S22.3, S22.4.
	Multiple burns	Burns and corrosions of multiple and unspecified body regions.	358 88 96	ICD-9: 946.0. ICD-10: T29.x-T32.x.
	Assaults	Intentional injuries (sexual, physical, emotional or psychological) inflicted by another person.	659 77 78 82 88	ICD-9: E960.0-E969.0, V71.6. ICD-10: X85-Y09.
	Assaults/CM/adversity	Combination of multiple broad codes deemed to meet the threshold for potential child harm including CM, assaults, drug or alcohol intoxication, poisoning of undetermined cause, concerns for psychosocial circumstances, specific fractures and/or sexual diseases in children (0–18 years).	661 64 82 90 93	ICD-9: As in CM + V15.4, V61.2, V71.8, E960.1, E967. ICD-10: X85-Y09, Z04.0-Z04.8, Z60.0-Z91.8.
	Intimate partner violence (IPV) among women aged 12–55 years		18
IPV	IPV primary diagnosis	Any diagnosis of partner maltreatment syndromes including neglect, abandonment, physical, sexual and psychological abuse.140	3111 114 115	ICD-9: E967.3, 995.80, 995.81. ICD-10: T74.1, Y06.0, Y07.0.
	Assaults	Intentional injuries (sexual, physical, emotional or psychological) inflicted by another person.	10100 102 105 107–109 112–114 116	ICD-9: E960.0-E969.0, V71.6, V71.5. ICD-10: X85-Y09.
	Head, face and neck injuries	Maxillofacial fractures (mandible fractures, zygomatic complex fractures and intracranial injuries) and crushing injuries of head and neck.	499 103 107 110	ICD-9: 802.0-802.9. ICD-10: S02.2, S02.6, S06.x-S07.x.
	Ocular injuries (eg, orbital fractures)	Ocular injuries such as fractures to the orbital floor and sustained scleral laceration or ruptures.	499 103 106 117	ICD-9: 802.6, 871.0, 871.1. ICD-10: S02.3, S05.1, S05.2-S05.3.
	Contusions of upper body	Bruises or contusions of the throat, breast, upper arms/shoulders and eyelids, periocular areas and scalp.	3101 107 110	ICD-9: 920.x-924.x. ICD-10: S10.0-S10.9, S20.0, S40.x, S05.1, S00.1, S05.7.

*Indicator definitions represent condensed descriptions for the overall category and are not representative of all ICD code descriptions.

†References represent the number of unique publications per indicator and do not necessarily match the corresponding number of data sources, as one publication can provide estimates for one indicator from several unique data sources. The same reference can also apply to multiple indicators, as one reference can report on estimates for multiple indicators.

‡Complete lists of codes by individual studies and indicators are provided in online supplementary table S8.

“x” indicates any character from fourth through seven.ICD, International Classification of Diseases; NOS, not otherwise specified.