Table 1.
Population characteristics
| Controls n=544 |
Cases n=136 |
P value | |
| Female | 432 (79.4%) | 108 (79.4%) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 82.3 (8.6) | 82.3 (8.7) | 0.934 |
| 51–65 years | 184 (33.8%) | 46 (33.8%) | |
| 66–81 years | 196 (36.0%) | 49 (36.0%) | |
| 82–95 years | 164 (30.1%) | 41 (30.1%) | |
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 67.5 (13) | 65 (11.61) | 0.195 |
| Height (cm), mean (SD) | 155.5 (8) | 152.4 (7.8) | 0.033 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.5 (4.9) | 27.5 (4.9) | 0.819 |
| Referred smoking habit | <0.0001 | ||
| Non-smoker/not stated | 522 (96.0%) | 121 (89.0%) | |
| Active smoker | 16 (2.9%) | 6 (4.4%) | |
| Former smoker | 6 (1.1%) | 9 (6.6%) | |
| Referred alcoholic habit | 0.042 | ||
| Non-drinker/not stated | 482 (88.6%) | 128 (94.1%) | |
| Light drinker | 59 (10.8%) | 6 (4.4%) | |
| Moderate drinker | 3 (0.6%) | 2 (1.5%) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 5 (0.9%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.838 |
| Previous fracture | 2 (0.4%) | 58 (42.6%) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 123 (22.6%) | 46 (33.8%) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 1 | 4 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.010 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 119 (21.9%) | 46 (33.8%) | 0.010 |
| Osteoporosis | 13 (2.4%) | 19 (14.0%) | 0.000 |
| Neoplasia | 65 (11.9%) | 13 (9.6%) | 0.434 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 3 (0.6%) | 4 (2.9%) | 0.014 |
| Malnutrition | 1 (0.2%) | 3 (2.2%) | 0.006 |
| Malabsorption | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.617 |
| Chronic liver disease | 7 (1.3%) | 5 (3.7%) | 0.058 |
| Number of active prescriptions, median (25th and 75th percentiles) | 3 (0/5) | 8 (5/14) | <0.0001 |
| Patients with ≥4 active prescriptions | 229 (42.1%) | 104 (76.5%) |
BMI, body mass index.