Table 2.
Maternal and neonatal characteristics
| Characteristics | Chettri et al, 201531 | Nangia et al, 201632 | Kumar et al, 201933 | Singh et al, 201934 | ||||
| Non-ETS=61 | ETS=61 | Non-ETS=88 | ETS=87 | Non-ETS=66 | ETS=66 | Non-ETS=77 | ETS=75 | |
| Maternal age (years), mean±SD | 25.2±4.8 | 24.3±4.5 | NR | 25.2±4.0 | 26.4±4.5 | 26.6±3.7 | 27.1±3.6 | |
| Mode of delivery | ||||||||
| SVD, n (%) | 9 (15) | 13 (21) | NR | 17 (26) | 8 (12) | 18 (23) | 26 (35) | |
| Caesarean/low segment C-section, n (%) | 30 (49) | 29 (48) | 37 (42) | 34 (39) | 49 (74) | 57 (86) | 30 (39) | 30 (40) |
| Gravida | ||||||||
| Gravida (<2nd gravida), n (%) | NR | 66 (75) | 65 (75) | NR | NR | |||
| Multigravida, n (%) | NR | NR | NR | 38 (49) | 33 (44) | |||
| Antenatal care | ||||||||
| Antenatally registered, n (%) | NR | 49 (56) | 58 (67) | NR | NR | |||
| Antenatal care (≥3 visits), n (%) | NR | NR | 23 (35) | 24 (36) | NR | |||
| Antenatal care (≥4 visits), n (%) | NR | NR | NR | 57 (74) | 49 (65) | |||
| Maternal risk factors | ||||||||
| Maternal risk factors I anaemia; Hb <10.5 g/dL), n (%) (#Hb <10 g/dL) | 18 (30) | 17 (28) | NR | NR | 9 (12)# | 12 (16)# | ||
| Maternal risk factors II (PIH, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia), |
6 (10) | 9 (15) | Included in other risk factors | 15 (23) | 13 (20) | 19 (25) | 23 (31) | |
| Other maternal risk factors III λ(PIH, HT, GDM, renal diseases/oligohydramnios/ cardiovascular disease), n (%) πGDM on insulin, hypothyroid, rheumatic heart disease |
3 (5)π | 3 (5)π | 15 (17)λ | 22 (25)λ | NR | 3 (4)π | 2 (3)π | |
| Oligohydramnios, n (%) | 6 (10) | 8 (13) | NR | 6 (9) | 7 (11) | 1 (1) | 2 (3) | |
| Premature rupture of membranes, n (%) | 10 (16) | 11 (18) | NR | NR | 23 (30) | 19 (25) | ||
| Prolonged rupture of membranes, n (%) | NR | NR | NR | 13 (17) | 13 (17) | |||
| Thick meconium, n (%) | 39 (64) | 42 (69) | 69 (78) | 61 (70) | 30 (45) | 28 (42) | 47 (61) | 47 (63) |
| Neonatal characteristics | ||||||||
| Male, n (%) | 36 (59) | 33 (54) | 52 (59) | 52 (60) | 29 (44) | 35 (53) | 43 (56) | 40 (53) |
| Birth weight (g), mean±SD | 2900±350 | 2870±490 | 2763±533 | 2649±437 | 2528±598 | 2620±696 | 2461±192 | 2462±315 |
| Gestational age (weeks) median (IQR) #Chettri et al, 2015 n (%) |
37–416/7 weeks 57 (93)# ≥42 weeks 4 (7)# |
37–416/7 weeks 55 (90)# ≥42 weeks 6 (10)# |
39 (37–40) | 39 (37–40) | 38 (36–40) | 38 (36–40) | 38.56±2.0 | 38.57±2.2 |
| Apgar Score at 1 min ≤3, n (%) | 36 (59) | 37 (61) | 22 (25) | 18 (21) | 27 (41) | 33 (50) | 25 (32) | 29 (39) |
| Apgar Score at 5 min ≤3, n (%) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | NR | NR | 4 (6) | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) |
| Apgar Score at 5 min <7, n (%) | 27 (44) | 30 (49) | 13 (15) | 16 (18) | 15 (23) | 13 (20) | 26 (34) | 30 (40) |
| Cord blood pH | 6.90±0.32 | 6.92±0.36 | 7.14±0.13 | 7.13±0.14 | NR | NR | 7.09±0.11 | 7.08±0.11 |
| Cord blood base deficit | 14±6.28 | 15±7.84 | 8.23±6.19 | 8.06±5.78 | NR | NR | 15.77±3.13 | 15.86±3.22 |
All values are reported as frequency (%), unless otherwise noted.
ETS, endotracheal suctioning; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; Hb, haemoglobin; HT, hypertension; Non-ETS, no endotracheal suctioning; NR, not reported; PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; SD, standard deviation; SVD, normal spontaneous vaginal delivery.