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. 2021 Jan 7;20(1):59–69. doi: 10.1007/s40200-020-00701-2

Table 2.

Severity and mortality rates of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus

Characteristic Total
(n = 176)
Severity Mortality
Severe
(n = 135)
Non-severe
(n = 41)
P* Deceased
(n = 54)
Alive
(n = 122)
P*
Demographics
Age 65.0 ± 12.1 66.2 ± 11.8 61.0 ± 12.3 0.017 70.3 ± 11.1 62.7 ± 11.8 <0.001
sex Female 77.0(43.8%) 59.0(43.7%) 18.0(43.9%) 0.982 20.0(37.0%) 57.0(46.7%) 0.232
Male 99.0(56.3%) 76.0(56.3%) 23.0(56.1%) 34.0(63.0%) 65.0(53.3%)
BMI (kg/m2) 28.3 ± 4.9 28.6 ± 5.0 27.3 ± 4.2 0.218 27.7 ± 4.6 28.5 ± 4.9 0.549
Comorbidities
Hypertension 111.0(63.1%) 90.0(66.7%) 21.0(51.2%) 0.073 37.0(68.5%) 74.0(60.7%) 0.319
Cardiac disease 56.0(31.8%) 44.0(32.6%) 12.0(29.3%) 0.689 19.0(35.2%) 37.0(30.3%) 0.523
Cerebrovascular disease 15.0(8.5%) 15.0(11.1%) 0 0.026 10.0(18.5%) 5.0(4.1%) 0.002
Chronic lung disease 12.0(6.8%) 11.0(8.1%) 1.0(2.4%) 0.204 6.0(11.1%) 6.0(4.9%) 0.133
Chronic kidney disease 19.0(10.8%) 14.0(10.4%) 5.0(12.2%) 0.742 6.0 (11.1%) 13.0(10.7%) 0.928
Malignancy 9.0(5.1%) 8.0(5.9%) 1.0(2.4%) 0.375 5.0(9.3%) 4.0(3.3%) 0.097
Drug history
Statin 46.0(26.1%) 38.0(28.1%) 8.0(19.5%) 0.270 11.0(20.4%) 35.0(28.7%) 0.247
Metformin 75.0(42.6%) 56.0(41.5%) 19.0(46.3%) 0.582 25.0(46.3%) 50.0(41.0%) 0.511
Insulin 25.0(14.2%) 18.0(13.3%) 7.0(17.1%) 0.548 6.0(11.1%) 19.0(15.6%) 0.434
ACEI/ARB 55.0(31.3%) 46.0(34.1%) 9.0(22.0%) 0.142 19.0(35.2%) 36.0(29.5%) 0.454
Beta-Blocker 32.0(18.2%) 25.0(18.5%) 7.0(17.1%) 0.834 10.0(18.5%) 22.0(18.0%) 0.939
CCB 15.0(8.5%) 13.0(9.6%) 2.0(4.9%) 0.340 4.0(7.4%) 11.0(9.0%) 0.724
ASA 36.0(20.5%) 31.0(23.0%) 5.0(12.2%) 0.134 13.0(24.1%) 23.0(18.9%) 0.428
Systemic-Corticosteroid 6.0(3.4%) 4.0(3.0%) 2.0(4.9%) 0.554 1.0(1.9%) 5.0(4.1%) 0.449
Vital signs
Heart rate 89.0 ± 14.3 90.0 ± 14.9 85.8 ± 11.7 0.136 90.2 ± 16.4 88.5 ± 13.3 0.479
Respiratory rate 20.3 ± 6.0 21.1 ± 6.5 18.2 ± 3.9 0.004 22.9 ± 7.7 19.2 ± 4.8 0.013
SBP 125.9 ± 21.7 125.5 ± 22.5 127.4 ± 19.4 0.668 124.2 ± 22.8 126.9 ± 21.2 0.496
DBP 75.9 ± 11.3 75.9 ± 12.0 76.0 ± 8.9 0.984 74.1 ± 13.2 76.9 ± 10.1 0.156
Temperature(°C) 37.2 ± 0.9 37.3 ± 0.9 37.0 ± 0.7 0.083 37.5 ± .1.1 37.1 ± 0.8 0.033
Oxygen saturation (%) 89.5 ± 7.7 88.0 ± 7.8 95.6 ± 1.6 <0.001 86.7 ± 9.8 90.6 ± 6.3 0.018
Laboratory data
WBC(×109/L) 6.8(5.2–10.0) 7.1(5.4–10.7) 5.9(4.8–7.9) 0.025 8.6(5.8–13.2) 6.5(5–8.7.0) 0.001
Neutrophil(×109/L) 4.8(3.4–7.6) 5.2(3.6–8.3) 3.7(2.9–6.2) 0.013 6.7(4.3–9.5) 4.3(3.2–6.7) 0.001
Lymphocyte(×109/L) 1.2(0.9–1.7) 1.2(0.9–1.7) 1.3(0.99–1.7) 0.591 1.1(0.82–1.8) 1.3(0.94–1.7) 0.126
Platelets(×109/L) 183.0(143.0–259.0) 183.0(144.0–264.5) 194.0(136.0–239.0) 0.825 184.5(144.0–254.7) 183.0(142.0–259.0) 0.877
NLR 3.9(2.5–6.6) 3.98(2.7–7.4) 3.6(2.0–5.7) 0.048 4.9(3.3–9.5) 3.4(2.3–5.9) 0.002
PLR 149.0(113.2–211.7) 151.6(110.8–217.9) 137.1(116.7–189.6) 0.554 173.1(100.8–252.8) 141.4(114.3–196.2) 0.344
SII 737.2(413.3–1402.3) 798.4(444.4–1612.4) 593.6(350.3–928.9) 0.048 929.8(472.5–1954.9) 691.3(273.4–1223.5) 0.016
Hb(g/dL) 13.3(11.9–14.8) 13.3(12.1–14.8) 13.1(10.6–14.3) 0.364 13.3(11.5–14.9) 13.2(12.0–14.7) 0.589
Creatinine (mg/dL) 1.16(0.94–1.58) 1.2(0.94–1.6) 1.15(0.92–1.7) 0.895 1.3(1.1–1.9) 1.1(.89–1.5) 0.002
Urea (mg/dL) 39.0(26.0–67.0) 39.5(27.0–66.5) 34.0(26.0–70.0) 0.735 47.0(34.2–96.7) 34.0(24.0–51.0) 0.001
FBS (mg/dL) 170.5(132.5–219.7) 168.0(132.5–214.0) 175.0(132.0–253.0) 0.422 189.0(154.0–235.7) 166.5(131.7–216.7) 0.338
Sodium (mEq/L) 135.1(131.3–138.4) 134.7(131.1–138.2) 136.7(131.8–139.1) 0.056 134.7(130.9–138.1) 135.1(131.6–138.5) 0.411
Potassium (mEq/L) 4.4(4.1–4.7) 4.4(4.1–4.7) 4.3(4.0–4.7) 0.601 4.5(4.1–4.8) 4.3(4.0–4.7) 0.293
Calcium (mg/dL) 8.6(8.1–9.0) 8.6(8.1–9.0) 8.6(8.0–9.0) 0.917 8.5(7.9–8.9) 8.7(8.2–9.1) 0.034
LDH (U/L) 537.0(431.0–712.0) 602.5(488.5–762.0) 418.0(313.5–509.5) <0.001 713.0(613.0–909.0) 512.5(412.7–634.7) <0.001
ESR (mm/h) 55.0(33.0–87.0) 54.0(32.7–85.2) 56.0(34.0–89.0) 0.704 55.0(26.5–87.5) 55.0(35.7–87.0) 0.409
CRP (mg/L) 67.3(28.9–127.5) 72.3(38.6–132.4) 53.1(14.7–82.6) 0.011 80.2(53.2–143.0) 61.5(20.8–107.8) 0.002
hs-cTnI (pg/mL) 7.5(1.8–22.4) 8.1(2.5–30.2) 3.4(1.5–10.9) 0.032 11.1(6.5–70.3) 5.9(1.5–13.2) <0.001
pH 7.43(7.39–7.47) 7.43(7.39–7.47) 7.43(7.39–7.46) 0.730 7.41(7.37–7.47) 7.44(7.40–7.47) 0.102
PCO2 36.1(32.9–40.8) 36.1(32.5–40.9) 36.4(34.1–40.3) 0.791 34.4(29–41.8) 36.8(34.4–40.8) 0.107
HCO3 24.3(21.6–27.1) 24.2(21.5–27.1) 24.5(22.3–27) 0.827 22.3(18.9–25.2) 25(22.4–27.5) 0.004
AST (U/L) 51.0(36.7–68.2) 56.0(40.5–71.5) 31.0(26.0–40.5) <0.001 66.5(51.2–87.7) 45.0(32.7–57.2) <0.001
ALT (U/L) 36.0(24.7–51.0) 40.0(28.0–53.5) 24.0(21.0–33.0) <0.001 43.5(34.2–55.5) 32.5(22.0–50.0) 0.001
ALP (U/L) 177.0(139.5–227.0) 178.0(140.0–229.0) 162.5(133.5–220.5) 0.554 180.0(143.0–248.0) 176.5(138.2–222.0) 0.492
In-hospital outcomes
Hospital length of stay (day) 5.0(3.0–8.0) 6.0(3.0–9.0) 4.0(2.0–6.0) 0.011 6.5(2.0–11.0) 4.0(3.0–8.0) 0.184
ARDS 68.0(38.6%) 68.0(50.4%) 0 <0.001 40(74.1%) 28.0(23.0%) <0.001
Invasive ventilation 34.0(19.3%) 34.0(25.2%) 0 <0.001 34.0(63.0%) 0 <0.001
ACI 45.0(25.6%) 39.0(28.9%) 6.0(14.6%) 0.067 20.0(37.0%) 25.0(20.5%) 0.020
AKI 37.0(21.0%) 34.0(25.2%) 3.0(7.3%) 0.014 27.0(50.0%) 10.0(8.2%) <0.001
ALI 21.0(11.9%) 19.0(14.1%) 2.0(4.9%) 0.112 10.0(18.5%) 11.0(9.0%) 0.073
Multiorgan damage 46.0(26.1%) 46.0(34.1%) 0 <0.001 32.0(59.3%) 14.0(11.5%) <0.001

† Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range)

*Statistically significant P-values are bolded

ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ACI: acute cardiac injury; AKI: acute kidney injury; ALI: acute liver injury;ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine transaminase; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BS: blood sugar; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CCB: calcium channel blockers; CRP: C-reactive protein; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FBS: fasting blood sugar; Hb: hemoglobin; hs-cTnI: high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; WBC, white blood cells