Table 2.
Severity and mortality rates of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus
| Characteristic† |
Total (n = 176) |
Severity | Mortality | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Severe (n = 135) |
Non-severe (n = 41) |
P* |
Deceased (n = 54) |
Alive (n = 122) |
P* | |||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | 65.0 ± 12.1 | 66.2 ± 11.8 | 61.0 ± 12.3 | 0.017 | 70.3 ± 11.1 | 62.7 ± 11.8 | <0.001 | |
| sex | Female | 77.0(43.8%) | 59.0(43.7%) | 18.0(43.9%) | 0.982 | 20.0(37.0%) | 57.0(46.7%) | 0.232 |
| Male | 99.0(56.3%) | 76.0(56.3%) | 23.0(56.1%) | 34.0(63.0%) | 65.0(53.3%) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.3 ± 4.9 | 28.6 ± 5.0 | 27.3 ± 4.2 | 0.218 | 27.7 ± 4.6 | 28.5 ± 4.9 | 0.549 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 111.0(63.1%) | 90.0(66.7%) | 21.0(51.2%) | 0.073 | 37.0(68.5%) | 74.0(60.7%) | 0.319 | |
| Cardiac disease | 56.0(31.8%) | 44.0(32.6%) | 12.0(29.3%) | 0.689 | 19.0(35.2%) | 37.0(30.3%) | 0.523 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 15.0(8.5%) | 15.0(11.1%) | 0 | 0.026 | 10.0(18.5%) | 5.0(4.1%) | 0.002 | |
| Chronic lung disease | 12.0(6.8%) | 11.0(8.1%) | 1.0(2.4%) | 0.204 | 6.0(11.1%) | 6.0(4.9%) | 0.133 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 19.0(10.8%) | 14.0(10.4%) | 5.0(12.2%) | 0.742 | 6.0 (11.1%) | 13.0(10.7%) | 0.928 | |
| Malignancy | 9.0(5.1%) | 8.0(5.9%) | 1.0(2.4%) | 0.375 | 5.0(9.3%) | 4.0(3.3%) | 0.097 | |
| Drug history | ||||||||
| Statin | 46.0(26.1%) | 38.0(28.1%) | 8.0(19.5%) | 0.270 | 11.0(20.4%) | 35.0(28.7%) | 0.247 | |
| Metformin | 75.0(42.6%) | 56.0(41.5%) | 19.0(46.3%) | 0.582 | 25.0(46.3%) | 50.0(41.0%) | 0.511 | |
| Insulin | 25.0(14.2%) | 18.0(13.3%) | 7.0(17.1%) | 0.548 | 6.0(11.1%) | 19.0(15.6%) | 0.434 | |
| ACEI/ARB | 55.0(31.3%) | 46.0(34.1%) | 9.0(22.0%) | 0.142 | 19.0(35.2%) | 36.0(29.5%) | 0.454 | |
| Beta-Blocker | 32.0(18.2%) | 25.0(18.5%) | 7.0(17.1%) | 0.834 | 10.0(18.5%) | 22.0(18.0%) | 0.939 | |
| CCB | 15.0(8.5%) | 13.0(9.6%) | 2.0(4.9%) | 0.340 | 4.0(7.4%) | 11.0(9.0%) | 0.724 | |
| ASA | 36.0(20.5%) | 31.0(23.0%) | 5.0(12.2%) | 0.134 | 13.0(24.1%) | 23.0(18.9%) | 0.428 | |
| Systemic-Corticosteroid | 6.0(3.4%) | 4.0(3.0%) | 2.0(4.9%) | 0.554 | 1.0(1.9%) | 5.0(4.1%) | 0.449 | |
| Vital signs | ||||||||
| Heart rate | 89.0 ± 14.3 | 90.0 ± 14.9 | 85.8 ± 11.7 | 0.136 | 90.2 ± 16.4 | 88.5 ± 13.3 | 0.479 | |
| Respiratory rate | 20.3 ± 6.0 | 21.1 ± 6.5 | 18.2 ± 3.9 | 0.004 | 22.9 ± 7.7 | 19.2 ± 4.8 | 0.013 | |
| SBP | 125.9 ± 21.7 | 125.5 ± 22.5 | 127.4 ± 19.4 | 0.668 | 124.2 ± 22.8 | 126.9 ± 21.2 | 0.496 | |
| DBP | 75.9 ± 11.3 | 75.9 ± 12.0 | 76.0 ± 8.9 | 0.984 | 74.1 ± 13.2 | 76.9 ± 10.1 | 0.156 | |
| Temperature(°C) | 37.2 ± 0.9 | 37.3 ± 0.9 | 37.0 ± 0.7 | 0.083 | 37.5 ± .1.1 | 37.1 ± 0.8 | 0.033 | |
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 89.5 ± 7.7 | 88.0 ± 7.8 | 95.6 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 86.7 ± 9.8 | 90.6 ± 6.3 | 0.018 | |
| Laboratory data | ||||||||
| WBC(×109/L) | 6.8(5.2–10.0) | 7.1(5.4–10.7) | 5.9(4.8–7.9) | 0.025 | 8.6(5.8–13.2) | 6.5(5–8.7.0) | 0.001 | |
| Neutrophil(×109/L) | 4.8(3.4–7.6) | 5.2(3.6–8.3) | 3.7(2.9–6.2) | 0.013 | 6.7(4.3–9.5) | 4.3(3.2–6.7) | 0.001 | |
| Lymphocyte(×109/L) | 1.2(0.9–1.7) | 1.2(0.9–1.7) | 1.3(0.99–1.7) | 0.591 | 1.1(0.82–1.8) | 1.3(0.94–1.7) | 0.126 | |
| Platelets(×109/L) | 183.0(143.0–259.0) | 183.0(144.0–264.5) | 194.0(136.0–239.0) | 0.825 | 184.5(144.0–254.7) | 183.0(142.0–259.0) | 0.877 | |
| NLR | 3.9(2.5–6.6) | 3.98(2.7–7.4) | 3.6(2.0–5.7) | 0.048 | 4.9(3.3–9.5) | 3.4(2.3–5.9) | 0.002 | |
| PLR | 149.0(113.2–211.7) | 151.6(110.8–217.9) | 137.1(116.7–189.6) | 0.554 | 173.1(100.8–252.8) | 141.4(114.3–196.2) | 0.344 | |
| SII | 737.2(413.3–1402.3) | 798.4(444.4–1612.4) | 593.6(350.3–928.9) | 0.048 | 929.8(472.5–1954.9) | 691.3(273.4–1223.5) | 0.016 | |
| Hb(g/dL) | 13.3(11.9–14.8) | 13.3(12.1–14.8) | 13.1(10.6–14.3) | 0.364 | 13.3(11.5–14.9) | 13.2(12.0–14.7) | 0.589 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.16(0.94–1.58) | 1.2(0.94–1.6) | 1.15(0.92–1.7) | 0.895 | 1.3(1.1–1.9) | 1.1(.89–1.5) | 0.002 | |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 39.0(26.0–67.0) | 39.5(27.0–66.5) | 34.0(26.0–70.0) | 0.735 | 47.0(34.2–96.7) | 34.0(24.0–51.0) | 0.001 | |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 170.5(132.5–219.7) | 168.0(132.5–214.0) | 175.0(132.0–253.0) | 0.422 | 189.0(154.0–235.7) | 166.5(131.7–216.7) | 0.338 | |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 135.1(131.3–138.4) | 134.7(131.1–138.2) | 136.7(131.8–139.1) | 0.056 | 134.7(130.9–138.1) | 135.1(131.6–138.5) | 0.411 | |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.4(4.1–4.7) | 4.4(4.1–4.7) | 4.3(4.0–4.7) | 0.601 | 4.5(4.1–4.8) | 4.3(4.0–4.7) | 0.293 | |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.6(8.1–9.0) | 8.6(8.1–9.0) | 8.6(8.0–9.0) | 0.917 | 8.5(7.9–8.9) | 8.7(8.2–9.1) | 0.034 | |
| LDH (U/L) | 537.0(431.0–712.0) | 602.5(488.5–762.0) | 418.0(313.5–509.5) | <0.001 | 713.0(613.0–909.0) | 512.5(412.7–634.7) | <0.001 | |
| ESR (mm/h) | 55.0(33.0–87.0) | 54.0(32.7–85.2) | 56.0(34.0–89.0) | 0.704 | 55.0(26.5–87.5) | 55.0(35.7–87.0) | 0.409 | |
| CRP (mg/L) | 67.3(28.9–127.5) | 72.3(38.6–132.4) | 53.1(14.7–82.6) | 0.011 | 80.2(53.2–143.0) | 61.5(20.8–107.8) | 0.002 | |
| hs-cTnI (pg/mL) | 7.5(1.8–22.4) | 8.1(2.5–30.2) | 3.4(1.5–10.9) | 0.032 | 11.1(6.5–70.3) | 5.9(1.5–13.2) | <0.001 | |
| pH | 7.43(7.39–7.47) | 7.43(7.39–7.47) | 7.43(7.39–7.46) | 0.730 | 7.41(7.37–7.47) | 7.44(7.40–7.47) | 0.102 | |
| PCO2 | 36.1(32.9–40.8) | 36.1(32.5–40.9) | 36.4(34.1–40.3) | 0.791 | 34.4(29–41.8) | 36.8(34.4–40.8) | 0.107 | |
| HCO3 | 24.3(21.6–27.1) | 24.2(21.5–27.1) | 24.5(22.3–27) | 0.827 | 22.3(18.9–25.2) | 25(22.4–27.5) | 0.004 | |
| AST (U/L) | 51.0(36.7–68.2) | 56.0(40.5–71.5) | 31.0(26.0–40.5) | <0.001 | 66.5(51.2–87.7) | 45.0(32.7–57.2) | <0.001 | |
| ALT (U/L) | 36.0(24.7–51.0) | 40.0(28.0–53.5) | 24.0(21.0–33.0) | <0.001 | 43.5(34.2–55.5) | 32.5(22.0–50.0) | 0.001 | |
| ALP (U/L) | 177.0(139.5–227.0) | 178.0(140.0–229.0) | 162.5(133.5–220.5) | 0.554 | 180.0(143.0–248.0) | 176.5(138.2–222.0) | 0.492 | |
| In-hospital outcomes | ||||||||
| Hospital length of stay (day) | 5.0(3.0–8.0) | 6.0(3.0–9.0) | 4.0(2.0–6.0) | 0.011 | 6.5(2.0–11.0) | 4.0(3.0–8.0) | 0.184 | |
| ARDS | 68.0(38.6%) | 68.0(50.4%) | 0 | <0.001 | 40(74.1%) | 28.0(23.0%) | <0.001 | |
| Invasive ventilation | 34.0(19.3%) | 34.0(25.2%) | 0 | <0.001 | 34.0(63.0%) | 0 | <0.001 | |
| ACI | 45.0(25.6%) | 39.0(28.9%) | 6.0(14.6%) | 0.067 | 20.0(37.0%) | 25.0(20.5%) | 0.020 | |
| AKI | 37.0(21.0%) | 34.0(25.2%) | 3.0(7.3%) | 0.014 | 27.0(50.0%) | 10.0(8.2%) | <0.001 | |
| ALI | 21.0(11.9%) | 19.0(14.1%) | 2.0(4.9%) | 0.112 | 10.0(18.5%) | 11.0(9.0%) | 0.073 | |
| Multiorgan damage | 46.0(26.1%) | 46.0(34.1%) | 0 | <0.001 | 32.0(59.3%) | 14.0(11.5%) | <0.001 | |
† Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range)
*Statistically significant P-values are bolded
ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ACI: acute cardiac injury; AKI: acute kidney injury; ALI: acute liver injury;ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine transaminase; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BS: blood sugar; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CCB: calcium channel blockers; CRP: C-reactive protein; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FBS: fasting blood sugar; Hb: hemoglobin; hs-cTnI: high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index; WBC, white blood cells