Table 3.

Various behavioral changes observed in GF animals or by antibiotics-treated gut dysbiosis

Behaviors	Changes	Animal models	Behavioral methods (references)
Basal locomotion	↔	GF	Open field test (23, 26, 28, 103)
		ABX	Open field test (9, 30, 105)
	↑	GF	Open field test (24, 25*, 27)
Anxiety	↓	GF	Open field test (23, 24, 27, 28)
			Novelty suppressed feeding test (23)
			Light-dark test (6, 24)
			Elevated plus maze test (25, 26)
		ABX	Light-dark test (29)
Elevated plus maze test (30)
	↑	GF	Open field test (42, 103)
	↔	GF	Light-dark test (104)
		ABX	Open field test (9, 105)
			Elevated plus maze test (9, 105)
Depression	↓	GF	Tail suspension test (6, 8)
			Forced swim test (7, 8)
			Sucrose preference test (8)
	↑	ABX	Forced swim test (9, 10)
			Tail suspension test (10)
Social interaction	↓	GF	3-chamber social interaction test (25*, 43, 44, 45)
			Social interaction test (42)
		ABX	3-chamber social interaction test (10**, 30)
	↑	GF	3-chamber social interaction test (27)
Cognition	↓	GF	Nobel object recognition test (25, 104)
T-maze test (104)
		ABX	Nobel object recognition test (29, 105, 106)
			Morris water maze test (9)
	↔	ABX	Barnez maze test (105)
			Nobel object recognition test (9)

^a↔, no changes; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; GF, germ-free animals; ABX, antibiotics.

^b*female only; ^**normal sociability, but reduced social novelty.