. 2021 Jan 7;170:71–82. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.001

Table 2.

List of adjuvants used in recombinant protein COVID-19 vaccine candidates currently tested in the clinic.

Name	Components	Receptor/pathway	Disease target tested in the clinic
Alum^a	Aluminum salts (aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate)	NLRP3 uric acid, DNA	Anthrax^a, Diphtheria^a, Tetanus^a, Pneumococcus^a, hepatitis A^a Hepatitis B^a, Japanese Encephalitis^a, Meningococcal B^a and C^a, human papillomavirus^a, SARS, COVID-19
MF59^a, AS03^a	Oil-in-water emulsion squalene oil plus surfactants	MyD88, ASC, ATP	Influenza^a, COVID-19
CpG 1018^a	Synthetic DNA alone or formulated with Alum	TLR9	Hepatitis B^a, Malaria, Influenza, Anthrax, Cancer, COVID-19
Matrix M/IscoMatrix	Saponin	Unknown	Hepatitis C, Influenza, HSV, human papillomavirus, Malaria, Cancer, COVID-19
Advax	polysaccharide particle made from delta inulin	Unknown	HIV, Influenza, Hepatitis B, COVID-19

Adjuvants in licensed vaccines in the USA.