Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population (N=5,315)
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 49 ± 10 |
| Female sex | 2,672 (50) |
| Preoperative opioid use | 3,105 (58) |
| Perioperative opioid use | 5,111 (96) |
| Postoperative opioid use | 2,146 (40) |
| Employment | |
| Full time | 3,220 (57) |
| Part time | 46 (0.8) |
| Retired | 562 (9.9) |
| Long-term disability | 50 (0.9) |
| Other/unknown | 1,790 (32) |
| US region | |
| Northeast | 766 (14) |
| North Central | 1,293 (24) |
| South | 2,353 (44) |
| West | 855 (16) |
| Unknown | 48 (0.9) |
| Hospital length of stay (day) | 2.5 ± 1.9 |
| Comorbidities | |
| Depression | 1,698 (32) |
| Anxiety | 1,598 (30) |
| COPD | 877 (17) |
| CHF | 89 (1.7) |
| Hypertension | 3,077 (58) |
| Myocardial infarction | 135 (2.5) |
| DM, uncomplicated | 74 (1.4) |
| DM, complicated | 147 (2.8) |
| Obesity | 1,306 (25) |
| Drug abuse | 42 (0.79) |
| Tobacco use | 506 (9.5) |
| Osteoporosis | 271 (5.1) |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; DM, diabetes mellitus.