Table 2.

Neighbourhood income gradient in early childhood maltreatment among 5-year-old Ontario-born children, stratified by immigrant status, Canada, 2002–2012

	Non-immigrants						Immigrants							Immigrants ≥25 years			Immigrants vs non-immigrants
	Cases	Rate per 100 children	RR	95% CI	ARR*	95% CI	Cases	Rate per 100 children	RR	95% CI	ARR*	95% CI	ARR†	95% CI	ARR†	95% CI	ARR*	95% CI
Income quintile
1: Lowest	4466	2.7	2.30	2.18, 2.43	1.57	1.49, 1.66	1168	1.1	1.38	1.20, 1.58	1.38	1.20, 1.58	1.33	1.15, 1.54	1.08	0.89, 1.33	0.56	0.52, 0.60
2	3162	1.8	1.28	1.21, 1.35	1.33	1.63, 1.89	708	1.0	1.22	1.06, 1.41	1.22	1.05, 1.41	1.20	1.03,1.40	1.02	0.83, 1.26	0.67	0.62, 0.73
3	2741	1.4	1.12	1.05, 1.18	1.14	1.12, 1.25	536	0.9	1.11	0.96, 1.29	1.11	0.95, 1.30	1.12	0.95, 1.31	0.95	0.76, 1.18	0.76	0.69, 0.83
4	2568	1.2	1.04	0.98, 1.11	1.06	0.96, 1.03	379	0.8	0.97	0.83, 1.14	0.98	0.83, 1.15	0.98	0.84, 1.15	0.94	0.75, 1.17	0.73	0.66, 0.82
5: Highest	2015	1.1	1.00	Ref.	1.00	Ref.	224	0.8	1.00	Ref.	1.00	Ref.	1.00	Ref.	1.00	Ref.	0.81	0.70, 0.93
RR for trend			1.25	1.24, 1.27	1.12	1.11, 1.14			1.10	1.06, 1.12	1.09	1.05, 1.12	1.09	1.05, 1.12	1.03	0.99, 1.08
P value for trend				<0.0001		<0.0001				<0.0001		<0.0001		<0.0001		0.10

*Adjusted for maternal age, child sex, rural residence, complex chronic conditions and birth order.

†Adjusted for maternal age, child sex, rural residence, complex chronic conditions, birth order, maternal region of birth, duration of residence in Canada, refugee status, knowledge of Canadian official languages, marital status at arrival and educational attainment at arrival.

ARR, adjusted rate ratio; CM, child maltreatment; RR, rate ratio.