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. 2020 Dec 3;8(1):2003074. doi: 10.1002/advs.202003074

Figure 15.

Figure 15

FUS‐enabled neuromodulation. a) FUS is constructed from concaved PZT ceramic array. b) A schematic of precision organ‐based neuromodulation in which the innervation points of known axonal populations are targeted for stimulation using pulsed FUS. Targets investigated herein include innervation points within the spleen and sensory terminals within the liver. FUS stimulation is shown to reduce cytokine response to endotoxin via activating the cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway (upper) and the hepatic FUS stimulation is shown to modulate pathways that regulate blood glucose (below). Reproduced with permission.[ 109 ] Copyright 2019, Springer Nature.