Table 1. Baseline Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Empagliflozin (n = 95) | Placebo (n = 95) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 65 (10) | 63 (12) |
| Male | 79 (83) | 83 (87) |
| White race | 92 (97) | 94 (99) |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 29 (27-33) | 29 (26-33) |
| Smoking | 22 (23) | 18 (19) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 119 (18) | 121 (16) |
| Heart rate, mean (SD), bpm | 69 (11) | 72 (13) |
| Heart failure characteristics | ||
| Duration of heart failure, median (IQR), mo | 35 (12-69) | 27 (13-62) |
| Heart failure type | ||
| Ischemic | 48 (51) | 49 (52) |
| Nonischemic | 47 (49) | 46 (48) |
| Latest recorded ejection fraction, mean (SD), % | 29 (8) | 30 (8) |
| New York Heart Association class | ||
| I | 5 (5) | 7 (7) |
| II | 72 (76) | 77 (81) |
| III | 18 (19) | 11 (12) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Type 2 diabetes | 11 (12) | 13 (14) |
| Hypertension | 35 (37) | 41 (43) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 33 (35) | 33 (35) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 50 (53) | 53 (56) |
| Chronic kidney diseasea | 11 (12) | 12 (13) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 14 (7) | 20 (11) |
| Laboratory variables, median (IQR) | ||
| N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide, ng/L | 582 (303-1020) | 605 (309-1080) |
| In sinus rhythm | 414 (276-689) | 473 (244-793) |
| In atrial fibrillation | 1050 (596-1820) | 1020 (581-1490) |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 73 (57-89) | 74 (60-90) |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mmol/mol | 40 (36-43) | 39 (36-42) |
| Hematocrit, % | 41 (39-45) | 41 (38-44) |
| Heart failure medication | ||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-II receptor blockers | 59 (62) | 65 (68) |
| Sacubitril-valsartan | 31 (33) | 27 (28) |
| β-Blockers | 91 (96) | 89 (94) |
| Mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist | 62 (65) | 63 (66) |
| Diureticsb | 63 (66) | 62 (65) |
| Device type | ||
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy | ||
| Without ICD | 7 (7) | 4 (4) |
| With ICD | 11 (12) | 14 (15) |
| ICD only | 34 (36) | 32 (34) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); bpm, beats per minute; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range.
a
Chronic kidney disease was defined with an estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
b
Diuretics includes loop diuretics or thiazide.