Table. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Treatment Episodes of Oral Fluoroquinolones or Comparator Antibiotics, Before and After Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting.
| Characteristic | Crude | Inverse probability of treatment weighting | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | Absolute standardized difference | No. (%) | Absolute standardized difference | |||
| Fluoroquinolones | Comparator | Fluoroquinolones | Comparator | |||
| Episodes, No. | 9 053 961 | 38 542 584 | NA | 9 064 727 | 38 545 278 | NA |
| Unique adults, No. | 7 388 704 | 24 284 910 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 47 (36-57) | 43 (31-54) | 0.22 | 44 (32-55) | 44 (32-55) | 0.01 |
| Age categories, y | 0.20 | 0.01 | ||||
| 18-34 | 2 103 974 (23.2) | 11 993 236 (31.1) | NA | 2 748 149 (30.3) | 11 433 139 (29.7) | NA |
| 35-49 | 2 897 767 (32.0) | 12 595 603 (32.7) | 2 918 695 (32.2) | 12 537 584 (32.5) | ||
| 50-64 | 4 052 220 (36.2) | 13 953 745 (36.2) | 3 397 883 (37.5) | 14 574 555 (37.8) | ||
| Female | 5 550 141 (61.3) | 22 933 992 (59.5) | 0.04 | 5 522 620 (60.9) | 23 090 705 (59.9) | 0.02 |
| Indicationa | ||||||
| Upper respiratory tract infectionb | 1 470 567 (16.2) | 9 982 223 (25.9) | 0.24 | 2 097 414 (23.1) | 9 266 079 (24.0) | 0.02 |
| Skin/soft tissue/bone/lymph | 354 714 (3.9) | 3 349 658 (8.7) | 0.20 | 702 577 (7.8) | 2 999 538 (7.8) | <0.01 |
| Urethritis/UTI | 1 647 161 (18.2) | 1 489 697 (3.9) | 0.47 | 594 361 (6.6) | 2 531 527 (6.6) | <0.01 |
| Streptococcal/staphylococcusc | 37 835 (0.4) | 599 507 (1.6) | 0.12 | 116 425 (1.3) | 515 996 (1.3) | <0.01 |
| Gastrointestinal tract | 255 275 (2.8) | 182 493 (0.5) | 0.19 | 83 103 (0.9) | 354 847 (0.9) | <0.01 |
| Pneumonia | 195 332 (2.2) | 254 738 (0.7) | 0.13 | 84 585 (0.9) | 362 293 (0.9) | <0.01 |
| Pyelonephritis | 185 882 (2.1) | 57 589 (0.2) | 0.18 | 46 536 (0.5) | 206 112 (0.5) | <0.01 |
| Ocular | 41 249 (0.5) | 39 828 (0.1) | 0.07 | 15 966 (0.2) | 67 930 (0.2) | <0.01 |
| Cholecystitis/BTI | 19 713 (0.2) | 27 261 (0.1) | 0.04 | 9048 (0.1) | 38 279 (0.1) | <0.01 |
| Appendicitis | 8040 (0.1) | 10 266 (<0.1) | 0.03 | 3499 (<0.1) | 14 867 (<0.1) | <0.01 |
| Syphilis | 528 (<0.1) | 2205 (<0.1) | 0.00 | 520 (<0.1) | 2212 (<0.1) | <0.01 |
| Dental | 16 (<0.1) | 970 (<0.1) | 0.01 | 175 (<0.1) | 799 (<0.1) | <0.01 |
| Other indication | 21 330 (0.2) | 68 697 (0.2) | 0.01 | 17 074 (0.2) | 72 816 (0.2) | <0.01 |
| No indication identified | 3 816 829 (42.2) | 14 765 226 (38.3) | 0.08 | 3 561 058 (39.3) | 15 052 683 (39.1) | <0.01 |
| No billed health care | 999 490 (11.0) | 7 712 227 (20.0) | 0.25 | 1 732 388 (19.1) | 7 059 301 (18.3) | 0.02 |
| CCI, median (IQR), scored | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | 0.11 | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) | <0.01 |
| Other comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 2 615 365 (28.9) | 9 311 008 (24.2) | 0.11 | 2 278 195 (25.1) | 9 658 144 (25.1) | <0.01 |
| Medically managed | 2 333 441 (25.8) | 8 348 296 (21.7) | NA | 2 030 844 (22.4) | 8 656 862 (22.5) | NA |
| Diagnosis only | 281 924 (3.1) | 962 712 (2.5) | 247 351 (2.7) | 1 001 282 (2.6) | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 2 117 481 (23.4) | 7 360 818 (19.1) | 0.11 | 1 812 421 (20.0) | 7 667 094 (19.9) | 0.01 |
| Medically managed | 1 393 833 (15.4) | 4 860 737 (12.6) | NA | 1 177 331 (13.0) | 5 073 006 (13.2) | NA |
| Diagnosis only | 723 648 (8.0) | 2 500 081 (6.5) | 635 090 (7.0) | 2 594 088 (6.7) | ||
| Diabetes | 907 949 (10.1) | 3 115 705 (8.1) | 0.07 | 773 371 (8.5) | 3 265 212 (8.5) | <0.01 |
| Insulin-requiring | 196 253 (2.2) | 655 017 (1.7) | NA | 165 394 (1.8) | 692 038 (1.8) | NA |
| Oral medication | 524 049 (5.8) | 1 841 790 (4.8) | 451 478 (5.0) | 1 917 073 (5.0) | ||
| Diagnosis only | 187 647 (2.1) | 618 898 (1.6) | 156 499 (1.7) | 656 101 (1.7) | ||
| Atherosclerosis | 192 639 (2.1) | 614 754 (1.6) | 0.04 | 155 917 (1.7) | 655 940 (1.7) | <0.01 |
| Arrhythmia | 147 294 (1.6) | 533 387 (1.4) | 0.02 | 132 413 (1.5) | 553 536 (1.4) | <0.01 |
| Rheumatic disease, chronic | 97 094 (1.1) | 316 029 (0.8) | <0.01 | 6750 (0.1) | 28 128 (0.1) | <0.01 |
| Coronary artery disease | 39 476 (0.4) | 126 804 (0.3) | 0.02 | 32 349 (0.4) | 135 128 (0.4) | <0.01 |
| Angina | 32 265 (0.4) | 101 160 (0.3) | 0.02 | 26 055 (0.3) | 108 618 (0.3) | <0.01 |
| VTE | 29 557 (0.3) | 101 767 (0.3) | 0.01 | 26 476 (0.3) | 107 323 (0.3) | <0.01 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 23 717 (0.3) | 87 243 (0.2) | 0.01 | 21 535 (0.2) | 90 093 (0.2) | <0.01 |
| Pulmonary disease | 19 792 (0.2) | 64 732 (0.2) | 0.01 | 16 790 (0.2) | 69 031 (0.2) | <0.01 |
| Other valve diseases | 11 424 (0.1) | 38 854 (0.1) | 0.01 | 9759 (0.1) | 40 906 (0.1) | <0.01 |
| History of CVA | 3902 (<0.1) | 12 229 (<0.1) | <0.01 | 3186 (<0.1) | 13 189 (<0.1) | <0.01 |
| Pericarditis | 2820 (<0.1) | 14 080 (<0.1) | 0.01 | 3679 (<0.1) | 15 407 (<0.1) | <0.01 |
| Nonaortic, non–large-vessel aneurysmal diseasee | 3524 (<0.1) | 11 802 (<0.1) | <0.01 | 2964 (<0.1) | 12 472 (<0.1) | <0.01 |
| Endocarditis | 1638 (<0.1) | 6222 (<0.1) | <0.01 | 1582 (<0.1) | 6396 (<0.1) | <0.01 |
| Vasculopathy | 1133 (<0.1) | 3460 (<0.1) | <0.01 | 906 (<0.1) | 3762 (<0.1) | <0.01 |
| Rheumatic disease, acute | 480 (<0.1) | 1719 (<0.1) | <0.01 | 443 (<0.1) | 1789 (<0.1) | <0.01 |
| Myocarditis | 234 (<0.1) | 834 (<0.1) | <0.01 | 206 (<0.1) | 868 (<0.1) | <0.01 |
| Other medications | ||||||
| Corticosteroids (inhaled) | 826 885 (9.1) | 3 089 208 (8.0) | 0.04 | 763 616 (8.4) | 3 182 410 (8.3) | <0.01 |
| β-Agonist inhalants | 537 377 (5.9) | 1 959 141 (5.1) | 0.04 | 486 955 (5.4) | 2 030 644 (5.3) | <0.01 |
| Antiplatelets | 123 657 (1.4) | 400 895 (1.0) | 0.03 | 100 540 (1.1) | 425 551 (1.1) | <0.01 |
| Anticholinergics (inhaled) | 96 166 (1.1) | 250 753 (0.7) | 0.04 | 68 003 (0.8) | 284 437 (0.7) | <0.01 |
| Anticoagulants | 90 242 (1.0) | 382 727 (1.0) | <0.01 | 93 932 (1.0) | 383 995 (1.0) | <0.01 |
Abbreviations: BTI, biliary tract infection; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; UTI, urinary tract infection; VTE, venous thromboembolism.
Captured using outpatient service records 30 days prior and 7 days after the index fill date; if a patient had multiple indications, the diagnosis recorded in closest proximity to the index fill date was selected; if patient had no indication but had 1 or more outpatient service records during the time frame, they were classified as “no indication identified”; patients with no records were classified as “no billed health care.”
Includes pharyngitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, and bronchitis.
Staphylococcus/streptococcus category International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes did not clarify specific site for categorization and thus is mutually exclusive from remaining infectious diagnoses.
Individual components of the CCI were included in the inverse probability of treatment weighting; diabetes was defined as no disease, diagnosis only, oral medication, or insulin-requiring, instead of as complicated and uncomplicated disease.
Includes retinal aneurysm, cerebral aneurysm, heart aneurysm, coronary aneurysm, and pulmonary aneurysm.