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. 2021 Jan 6;18:1. doi: 10.1186/s12989-020-00396-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Effects of Co₃O₄-NPs on spontaneous cell contractions. a) Representative traces of spontaneous contractions (SCs) occurring in CTRL (top) and NPc₅₀ (bottom) cardiomyocytes during 60 s recordings, after a 60 s conditioning pacing at 2 Hz. The arrow indicates a SC whose amplitude is comparable to an electrically induced twitch; b) mean values ± SEM of the percentage of cells exhibiting SCs in the three groups; *, p< 0.05 (chi-Square test); c) mean values ± SEM of the number of SCs per cell in CTRL (n=42), NPc₅ (n=47), and NPc₅₀ (n=50); *, p< 0.05 vs CTRL (one-way ANOVA)