Table 4.

Normal reference ranges of mitral and tricuspid valve annulus measurements in Caucasian women

Abnormal low and high refer to the lower and upper reference limits, respectively. They are defined as measurements which lie outside the 95% prediction interval at all age groups. Borderline zone values should be looked up in the age-specific tables. The borderline zone was defined as the upper and lower ranges where the measured value lay outside the 95% prediction interval for at least one age group. All measurements are reported in cm (areas in cm²), except for ratios and angles

2C, two-chamber; 3C, three-chamber; 4C, four-chamber; AML, anterior mitral leaflet; BSA, body surface area; MA, mitral annulus; MV, mitral valve; PML, posterior mitral leaflet; TA, tricuspid annulus; TV, tricuspid valve.