Table 3.

Testing the Model

Log (GMR)	(1) Pooled OLS	(2) Fixed Effect	(3) Random Effect
Log (GDP per capita)	0.332***	− 0.191***	− 0.161***
	(0.0670)	(0.0506)	(0.0495)
Years of schooling (mean)	−0.0648***	−0.0426***	− 0.0407***
	(0.0221)	(0.0128)	(0.0120)
Urbanization (%)	−0.0276***	−0.00915**	− 0.0116***
	(0.00268)	(0.00435)	(0.00346)
PM2.5 (concentration)	0.0121***	0.00346**	0.00395***
	(0.00156)	(0.00149)	(0.00140)
Constant	2.349***	6.266***	6.067***
	(0.512)	(0.428)	(0.417)
Observations	224	224	224
AIC	255.47	− 784.44	− 558.58
Number of Countries^a		28	28

Note: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1

^aGDP value not available for North Korea