Table 1.

Ketamine in severe TBI

Author			Year	Population	Number	Study	Doses	ICP response	CPP response	Adverse effects
Bar Joseph et al.			2009	Adult Mechanical ventilated Severe TBI	N = 25	Prospective Group A: normal ICP Group B: high ICP	Bolus 1–1.5 mg/kg	Group A: No increase Group B: Decrease 32% (Mean 25.7 to 17.6 mmHg)	NA	None
Bar Joseph et al.			2009	Pediatric mechanical ventilated severe TBI	N = 30	Prospective Group 1: ketamine prevention Group B: ketamine to reduce ICP	Bolus 1–1.5 mg/kg	Group A: ICP decrease (Mean 25.2 to 17.9 mmHg) Group B: ICP decrease (Mean 26 to 17.5 mmHg)	Group A and Group B: CPP increase	None
Boirgoin et al.			2005	Adult mechanical ventilated severe TBI	N = 30	Prospective Group 1: sufentanyl + Midazolam Group 2: ketamine + midazolam	Continuous infusión to achieve plasma concentration of 1 mcg/ml	No difference in ICP ICP non increase (non reported values)	No difference	None
Boirgoin et al.			2003	Adult mechanical ventilated severe TBI	N = 25	Prospective Group 1: ketamine + Midazolam Group 2: Midazolam + sufentanyl	Continuous infusión 82 mcg/kg/min	No difference between groups (Mean 19 vs 15.7 mmHg-p = 0.28)	NA	Non significant increase in HR
Albanese et al.			1997	Adult mechanical ventilated severe TBI	N = 8	Prospective	Bolus 1.5; 3; and 5 mg/kg	ICP decrease from baseline at all doses (Mean 2, 4 and 5 mmHg at 1,5; 3 and 5 mg/kg, respectively)	NA	None
Kolenda et al.			1996	Adult mechanical ventilated moderate and severe TBI	N = 24	Prospective Group 1: ketamine + Midazolam Group 2: fentanyl + midazolam	Continuous infusión 104 mg/kg/day	ICP 2 mmHg higher in ketamine group only at day 8 of infusion	CPP 8 mmHg higher in ketamine group	None
Schmitter et al.			2007	Adult mechanical ventilated severe TBI	N = 24	Prospective Group 1: fentanyl + methohexitone Group 2: ketamine + methohexitone	Continuous infusión 2 mg/kg/h	No difference between groups Mean 15.9 vs 14.7 mmHg)	No difference between groups	None