Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants stratified by sex
| Variables | Women | Men | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 440) | (n = 430) | ||
| CDH13 cg02263260 methylation (beta-value) | 0.7287 ± 0.0012 | 0.7325 ± 0.0013 | 0.0319 |
| Dietary fat | < .0001 | ||
| Low (Score ≤ 12) | 144 (32.73) | 90 (20.93) | |
| Moderate (Score 13–18) | 205 (46.59) | 202 (46.98) | |
| High (Score ≥ 18) | 91 (20.68) | 138 (32.09) | |
| Age (years) | 49.3614 ± 0.5134 | 49.7581 ± 0.5479 | 0.5971 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4135 ± 0.1705 | 25.0735 ± 0.1585 | < .0001 |
| Body fat (%) | < .0001 | ||
| Men < 25; women < 30 (normal) | 186 (42.27) | 285 (66.28) | |
| Men ≥ 25; women ≥ 30 (abnormal) | 254 (57.73) | 145 (33.72) | |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.7809 | ||
| Men ≤ 0.9; women ≤ 0.85 (normal) | 265 (60.23) | 255 (59.30) | |
| Men > 0.9; women > 0.85 (abnormal) | 175 (39.77) | 175 (40.70) | |
| Exercise | 0.6095 | ||
| No | 246 (55.91) | 233 (54.19) | |
| Yes | 194 (44.09) | 197 (45.81) | |
| Cigarette smoking | < .0001 | ||
| Never | 412 (93.64) | 240 (55.81) | |
| Former | 16 (3.64) | 102 (23.72) | |
| Current | 12 (2.73) | 88 (20.47) | |
| Alcohol drinking | < .0001 | ||
| Never | 432 (98.18) | 352 (81.86) | |
| Former | 3 (0.68) | 21 (4.88) | |
| Current | 5 (1.14) | 57 (13.26) | |
| Coffee consumption | 0.9589 | ||
| No | 276 (62.73) | 269 (62.56) | |
| Yes | 164 (37.27) | 161 (37.44) | |
| Tea consumption | 0.0009 | ||
| No | 295 (67.05) | 241 (56.05) | |
| Yes | 145 (32.95) | 189 (43.95) | |
| Vegetarian diet | 0.0284 | ||
| No | 413 (93.86) | 417 (96.98) | |
| Yes | 27 (6.14) | 13 (3.02) | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 59.4386 ± 0.6709 | 49.0023 ± 0.5623 | < .0001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 121.1000 ± 1.5480 | 124.2000 ± 1.5616 | 0.1568 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 106.3000 ± 5.5065 | 134.1000 ± 4.5752 | 0.0001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 198.4000 ± 1.6392 | 194.5000 ± 1.7619 | 0.1031 |
n (%) represents categorical data while mean ± standard error (SE) represent continuous data
BMI body mass index, TG triglycerides, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol