Table 2.
Baseline and follow-up clinical characteristics of participants according to the intervention and adherence group
| Variables | Sterol-enriched yogurt (n = 91) | Tomato sauce HA (n = 61) | Tomato sauce LA (n = 30) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Δ | p-value | Before | After | Δ | p-value | Before | After | Δ | p-value | |
| Weight (kg) | 67 ± 11 | 66 ± 11 | − 1.2 ± 1 | < 0.001 | 67 ± 10 | 66 ± 10 | − 0.8 ± 1 | < 0.001 | 67 ± 11 | 66 ± 11 | − 1.1 ± 1 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 3 | − 0.4 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 3 | − 0.3 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 2 | − 0.4 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 91 ± 9 | 90 ± 9 | − 1.5 ± 3 | < 0.001 | 90 ± 9 | 89 ± 8 | − 0.9 ± 3 | 0.05 | 90 ± 9 | 88 ± 8 | − 2.4 ± 4 | 0.008 |
| HC (cm) | 100 ± 6 | 99 ± 6 | − 1.5 ± 2 | < 0.001 | 100 ± 7 | 99 ± 6 | − 1.5 ± 2 | < 0.001 | 99 ± 5 | 98 ± 6 | − 0.8 ± 2 | 0.09 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 119 ± 13 | 117 ± 11 | − 2 ± 10 | 0.06 | 119 ± 13 | 115 ± 12 | − 3 ± 12 | 0.040 | 117 ± 11 | 116 ± 13 | − 0.7 ± 11 | 0.74 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74 ± 7 | 74 ± 6 | − 0.01 ± 8 | 0.98 | 75 ± 8 | 72 ± 7 | − 3 ± 8 | 0.010 | 74 ± 6 | 74 ± 8 | 0.2 ± 9 | 0.89 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 89 ± 11 | 89 ± 13 | 0.2 ± 10 | 0.87 | 91 ± 9 | 89 ± 9 | − 2 ± 8 | 0.019 | 88 ± 8 | 84 ± 6 | − 3 ± 7 | 0.010 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.80 ± 0.2 | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.03 ± 0.1 | 0.003 | 0.80 ± 0.1 | 0.79 ± 0.1 | − 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.13 | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.80 ± 0.1 | − 0.03 ± 0.1 | 0.035 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 230 ± 26 | 211 ± 26 | − 18 ± 24 | < 0.001 | 227 ± 25 | 216 ± 24 | − 11 ± 18 | < 0.001 | 220 ± 23 | 230 ± 27 | 10 ± 17 | 0.003 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 60 ± 12 | 58 ± 12 | − 3 ± 6 | < 0.001 | 60 ± 14 | 59 ± 12 | − 0.8 ± 6 | 0.031 | 56 ± 13 | 56 ± 12 | 0.1 ± 6 | 0.95 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 148 ± 24 | 132 ± 23 | − 16 ± 21 | < 0.001 | 147 ± 20 | 135 ± 18 | − 12 ± 17 | < 0.001 | 142 ± 19 | 150 ± 23 | 8 ± 15 | 0.008 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 106 ± 38 | 106 ± 46 | 0.5 ± 40 | 0.91 | 100 ± 34 | 109 ± 44 | 9.0 ± 27 | 0.012 | 105 ± 32 | 117 ± 49 | 12 ± 31 | 0.049 |
| Non HDL-C (mg/dL) | 169 ± 26 | 154 ± 25 | − 16 ± 22 | < 0.001 | 167 ± 23 | 158 ± 22 | − 9 ± 15 | < 0.001 | 163 ± 21 | 174 ± 27 | 10 ± 16 | 0.002 |
| AST (IU/L) | 19 ± 5 | 19 ± 5 | 0.1 ± 4 | 0.86 | 19 ± 5 | 20 ± 5 | 0.4 ± 4 | 0.38 | 19 ± 3 | 19 ± 4 | 0.01 ± 3 | 0.94 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 19 ± 9 | 18 ± 6 | − 0.5 ± 8 | 0.50 | 18 ± 7 | 19 ± 7 | 0.5 ± 4 | 0.32 | 17 ± 8 | 17 ± 7 | − 0.8 ± 6 | 0.43 |
Δ, changes; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase