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. 2020 Dec 21;29(4):248–259. doi: 10.7570/jomes20120

Figure. 1.

Figure. 1

Overview of leptin as a key between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease through the various factors: obesity-induced changes in hemodynamics, cardiac structure and cardiac function, inflammation, neurohumoral changes, and cellular remodeling, as well as hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance.