Table 1.
Common characteristics and comparative features in five members of human hepatitis viruses
|
|
HAV
|
HBV
|
HCV
|
HDV1
|
HEV
|
| Family; Genus | Picornaviridae Hepatovirus | Hepadnavirida Orthohepadnavirus | Flaviviridae Hepacivirus | Deltaviridae Deltavirus | Hepeviridae Orthohepevirus |
| Discovery2; Frequency | 1983 Highest in AH | 1979 Highest in CH | 1989 Second in CH | 1986 Less in CH | 1990 Less in AH |
| Genome3; Length; Diameter4; Envelope5; Receptor | Linear ssRNA; 7500 nt; 27-32 nm; Quasi-envelope; Unknown | Circular dsDNA; 3200 nt; 42 nm; Envelope; NTCP, HSP | Linear ssRNA; 9600 nt; 55-65 nm; Envelope; CD81, SR-BI | Circular ssRNA; 1700 nt; 36-43 nm; Envelope; NTCP, HSP | Linear ssRNA; 7200 nt; 30-34 nm; Quasi-envelope; Unknown |
| Incubation; Age6; Course | 14-30 d; Children; Acute | 30-180 d; Any; Acute/chronic | 14-180 d; Any; Acute/chronic | 14-160 d; Any; Acute/chronic7 | 14-70 d; Adults; Acute |
| Route of spread | Enteric, sexual | Parental, sexual, vertical | Parental, sexual | Parental, sexual, vertical | Enteric, vertical, parenteral |
| Hepatitis diagnosis | Anti-HAV IgM | Anti-HBc IgM, HBs antigen, DNA by PCR | Anti-HCV IgG, RNA by PCR | Anti-HDV IgM, RNA by PCR | Anti-HEV IgM, RNA by PCR |
| Vaccine; Post-exp; Av agent | Available; Ig/vaccine; Not available | Available; Ig/vaccine; NA, IFN-α | Not available; Not effective; DAA agent | HBV vaccine; Not available; IFN-α | Available in China; Not available; Not available |
| FH8; LC/HCC; Prognosis9 | Very rare; Nil; Full recovery | Very rare; Yes; Chronic carrier | Extremely rare; Yes; High carrier rate | Yes; Yes; Chronic carrier | Yes; Nil; Full recovery |
Co-infection/superinfection with hepatitis B virus.
By cloning and sequencing.
Partial dsRNA in hepatitis B virus.
Diameter of virion.
Quasi-envelop with internal protein rather than viral glycoprotein.
Commonly affected age.
Progress to chronicity in 80% superinfection/5% co-infection hepatitis B virus.
Up to 20% in superinfection with hepatitis B virus and pregnant women.
Poorer in hepatitis B virus superinfection with hepatitis delta virus and pregnant woman with hepatitis E virus. AH: Acute hepatitis; Av: Antiviral; CH: Chronic hepatitis; DAA: Direct-acting antiviral; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; ds: Double-stranded; Post-exp: Post-exposure; FH: Fulminant hepatitis; HBc: Hepatitis B virus core antigen; HBs: Hepatitis B virus surface antigen; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HSP: Heparan sulfate proteoglycans; IFN: Interferon; Ig: Immunoglobulins; LC: Liver cirrhosis; NA: Nucleoside/nucleotide analogues; nt: Nucleotide; NTCP: Sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; RNA: Ribonucleic acid; SR-BI: Scavenger receptor class B type I; ss: Single-stranded.