Table 1.
Characteristics (N [%]) of ACCESS and PRISM mother-child pairs included in analyses stratified by fetal sex
| ACCESSa | PRISMb | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 346) | Male (N = 188) | Female (N = 158) | p valuec | All (N = 528) | Male (N = 273) | Female (N = 255) | p valuec | |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | 0.297 | 0.473 | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 30 (8.8) | 14 (7.8) | 16 (10.3) | 102 (19.5) | 56 (20.6) | 46 (18.3) | ||
| Black/Hispanic-Black | 95 (27.9) | 59 (31.9) | 36 (23.1) | 200 (38.2) | 102 (37.5) | 98 (39.0) | ||
| Hispanic, non-Black | 200 (58.7) | 103 (55.7) | 97 (62.2) | 193 (36.9) | 96 (35.3) | 97 (38.7) | ||
| Others | 16 (4.7) | 9 (3.9) | 7 (4.5) | 28 (5.4) | 18 (6.6) | 10 (4.0) | ||
| High school or more | 218 (65.1) | 128 (69.6) | 90 (59.6) | 0.057 | 400 (77.2) | 217 (81.0) | 183 (73.2) | 0.035 |
| Advanced maternal age (> 35 years) | 40 (11.6) | 23 (12.3) | 17 (10.8) | 0.672 | 103 (19.5) | 44 (16.1) | 59 (23.1) | 0.042 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI > 24 kg/m2 | 217 (69.8) | 116 (69.1) | 101 (70.6) | 0.762 | 278 (53.2) | 142 (52.6) | 136 (53.8) | 0.790 |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 41 (11.9) | 22 (11.7) | 19 (12.1) | 0.909 | 64 (12.1) | 34 (12.5) | 30 (11.8) | 0.808 |
| Married/living with partner | 210 (61.8) | 116 (62.3) | 94 (61.0) | 0.802 | 362 (69.4) | 186 (69.1) | 176 (69.6) | 0.917 |
| Nulliparous | 146 (43.3) | 80 (43.7) | 66 (42.9) | 0.874 | 160 (30.5) | 90 (33.1) | 70 (27.7) | 0.178 |
| Preterm | 37 (10.8) | 22 (11.8) | 15 (9.5) | 0.486 | 46 (8.7) | 27 (9.9) | 19 (7.5) | 0.321 |
| Breastfeed > 6 months | 154 (63.6) | 83 (63.9) | 71 (63.4) | 0.942 | 293 (56.7) | 151 (56.8) | 142 (56.6) | 0.965 |
| Perinatal depressionc | 0.029 | 0.015 | ||||||
| No symptoms | 228 (65.9) | 122 (64.9) | 106 (67.1) | 390 (73.9) | 194 (71.0) | 196 (76.9) | ||
| Prenatal only | 58 (16.8) | 34 (18.1) | 24 (15.2) | 71 (13.5) | 38 (13.9) | 33 (12.9) | ||
| Postnatal only | 27 (7.8) | 20 (10.6) | 7 (4.4) | 24 (4.6) | 20 (7.3) | 4 (1.6) | ||
| Prenatal and postnatal | 33 (9.5) | 12 (6.4) | 21 (13.3) | 43 (8.1) | 21 (7.7) | 22 (8.6) | ||
Abbreviations: ACCESS Asthma Coalition on Community Environment and Social Stress, BMI body mass index, EPDS Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, PRISM PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms
aACCESS (n missing): race/ethnicity (5), age (2), education (11), BMI (35), smoking (1), relationship status (6), parity (9), and breastfeeding (104)
bPRISM (n missing): race/ethnicity (5), education (10), BMI (5), relationship status (6), parity (3), and breastfeeding (11)
cp values are from chi-square tests of independence
dDefined as an EPDS score > 10