Table 2.
Association of GDM status and blood glucose level with infant growth measures using linear mixed effects model
| Infant Growth Measures | GDM (ref. = non-GDM), β (95% CI) |
Blood Glucose Level, β (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting | 1 h after OGTT | 2 h after OGTT | ||
| WFLZ | ||||
| Model 1 a | 0.29 (0.15, 0.42) | 0.14 (0.04, 0.25) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.07) |
| Model 2 a | 0.25 (0.12, 0.38) | 0.11 (0.00, 0.21) | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) | 0.02 (− 0.03, 0.06) |
| Model 3 b | 0.26 (0.13, 0.40) | 0.12 (0.01, 0.23) | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.02 (− 0.02, 0.06) |
| WFAZ | ||||
| Model 1 a | 0.13 (0.00, 0.26) | 0.13 (0.02, 0.23) | 0.11 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) |
| Model 2 a | 0.09 (−0.04, 0.23) | 0.09 (−0.01, 0.20) | 0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04) | 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.05) |
| Model 3 b | 0.13 (0.01, 0.26) | 0.13 (0.03, 0.23) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) |
| LFAZ | ||||
| Model 1 a | −0.09 (− 0.24, 0.06) | 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.16) | −0.01 (− 0.05, 0.03) | −0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02) |
| Model 2 a | − 0.10 (− 0.26, 0.05) | 0.03 (− 0.09, 0.15) | −0.01 (− 0.05, 0.03) | −0.03 (− 0.07, 0.02) |
| Model 3 b | − 0.06 (− 0.20, 0.08) | 0.08 (− 0.04, 0.18) | 0.00 (− 0.03, 0.03) | −0.01 (− 0.06, 0.03) |
Model 1: adjusted for the age of infants at each measurement
Model 2: Model 1 + pre-pregnancy BMI
Model 3: Model 2 + maternal age, parity, gestational age
Abbreviations: GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, CI confidence interval, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, WFLZ weight-for-length z-score, WFAZ weight-for-age z-score, LFAZ length-for-age z-score, BMI body mass index
a: n = 945; b: n = 942 because of missing data