Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics.
|
Randomization Group |
PFSt VSX Clinical |
PFSt Clinical VSX |
VSX PFSt Clinical |
VSX Clinical PFSt |
Clinical PFSt VSX |
Clinical VSX PFSt |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 30 |
| Age (years) | 28 ± 10 | 28 ± 12 | 24 ± 4 | 34 ± 9 | 30 ±13 | 32 ± 9 | 29 ± 10 |
| Gender (F = female, M = male) | F-4 M-1 |
F-1 M-4 |
F-3 M-2 |
F-3 M-2 |
F-1 M-4 |
F-3 M-2 |
F-15 M-15 |
| # Presenting with Spectacles | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 21 |
| # with strabismus @ Distance (Cover Test) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 9 |
| # with strabismus @ Near (Cover Test) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 9 |
| # with Positive Finding on StereoFly | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 19 |
| # with at least 800”on Preschool Randot | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 8 |
| Autorefraction Spherical Equivalent OD (D) | −5.23 ± 4.75 | 0.98 ± 1.27 | −1.75 ± 4.37 | −3.73 ± 7.33 | +1.93 ± 3.07 | −1.68 ± 4.53 | −1.58 ± 4.88 |
| Autorefraction Spherical Equivalent OS (D) | −3.53 ± 3.73 | −0.05 ± 2.43 | −1.58 ± 4.55 | −2.68 ± 6.81 | +1.95 ± 2.52 | −2.03 ± 5.91 | −1.32 ± 4.59 |
| Autorefraction Cylinder OD (DC) | −1.35 ± 0.68 | −2.25 ± 1.08 | −1.50 ± 0.68 | −2.65 ± 2.91 | −3.65± 1.43 | −1.45 ±0.67 | −2.14 ± 1.58 |
| Autorefraction Cylinder OS (DC) | −2.05 ± 0.37 | −2.10 ± 0.42 | −1.95 ± 1.45 | −1.55 ± 1.81 | −3.60 ± 1.32 | −1.15 ± 0.68 | −2.07 ± 1.30 |
| Refractive Error Category # of Eyes (M = myopia, H = hyperopia, A = mixed astigmatism, E = emmetropia) |
M-8 H-1 A-0 E-1 |
M-1 H-4 A-5 E-0 |
M-4 H-3 A-3 E-0 |
M-4 H-3 A-3 E-0 |
M-1 H-6 A-3 E-0 |
M-5 H-4 A-1 E-0 |
M-23 H-21 A-15 E-1 |
| Accommodative Lag OD (D) | 1.94 ± 0.83 | 1.30 ± 0.57 | 0.80 ± 0.48 | 0.80 ± 0.54 | 1.75 ± 0.64 | 1.19 ± 0.31 | 1.28 ± 0.68 |
| Accommodative Lag OS (D) | 1.55 ± 0.78 | 1.05 ± 0.37 | 1.05 ± 0.54 | 1.10 ± 0.42 | 1.40 ± 0.95 | 1.00 ± 0.35 | 1.20 ± 0.60 |
| Distance Visual Acuity OD (logMAR) | 0.54 ± 0.15 | 0.44 ± 0.20 | 0.40 ± 0.18 | 0.48 ± 0.20 | 0.60 ± 0.29 | 0.34 ± 0.12 | 0.47 ± 0.20 |
| Distance Visual Acuity OS (logMAR) | 0.48 ± 0.11 | 0.43 ± 0.16 | 0.37 ± 0.20 | 0.40 ± 0.18 | 0.51 ± 0.24 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 0.42 ± 0.17 |
| Interocular Difference in Distance Visual Acuity (logMAR) | 0.07 ± 0.07 | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.11 ± 0.10 | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.10 ± 0.09 | 0.10 ± 0.07 |
| Distance Visual Acuity OU (logMAR) | 0.46 ± 0.16 | 0.38 ± 0.15 | 0.30 ± 0.14 | 0.40 ± 0.13 | 0.48 ± 0.29 | 0.29 ± 0.10 | 0.39 ± 0.17 |
| Near Visual Acuity OU (logMAR)* | 0.40 ± 0.16 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.30 ± 0.07 | 0.36 ± 0.11 | 0.48 ± 0.24 | 0.26 ±0.13 | 0.37 ± 0.15 |
| Dim Pupil Diameter OD (mm) | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.8 |
| Dim Pupil Diameter OS (mm) | 4.2 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 4.2 ± 0.8 |
| Dark Pupil Diameter OD (mm) | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 0.8 |
| Dark Pupil Diameter OS (mm) | 5.5 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 0.7 |
| Adaptive Behavior Standard Score | 65.2 ± 11.3 | 59.8 ± 16.6 | 55.6 ± 11.2 | 53.0 ± 22.4 | 66.2 ± 20.4 | 70.4 ± 21.1 | 61.7 ± 17.3 |
| Higher Order RMS for 4mm pupil OD (μm) | 0.27 ± 0.12 | 0.19 ± 0.10 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 0.21 ± 0.08 |
| Higher Order RMS for 4mm pupil OS (μm) | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.10 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.18 ± 0.06 | 0.20 ± 0.06 | 0.25 ± 0.08 | 0.20 ± 0.07 |
Baseline characteristics of randomized study participants. Randomization Group lists the order that spectacle refraction types were dispensed. OD = right eye, OS = left eye, OU = both eyes, D = diopter, DC = diopter cylinder, mm = millimeters, μm = micrometers; VSX = visual Strehl ratio in the spatial domain; PFSt = pupil fraction tessellated. *Near Visual Acuity is reported OU for 29 of 30 participants and OD for 1 participant