Table 1.
Sperm samples and clinical semen analysis.
| Study sample | Paternal sperm analysis | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | Age (years) | Father age (years) upon collection | Father age (years) at pregnancy | Collection date of sample | Offspring autism case/control | Volume (mL) | Concentration (mill/mL) | Total of spermatozoa (mill) | Progressive spermatozoa (%) | Non-progressive spermatozoa (%) | Immotile (%) | Total motile sperm count (time) |
| (a) Sperm samples and clinical analysis | ||||||||||||
| IVI 1 | 42 | 42 | 31 | 7/27/15 | Case | 2.2 | 83 | 182.6 | 58 | 11 | 31 | 105.91 |
| IVI 2 | 44 | 45 | 43 | 7/28/15 | Case | 1.5 | 38 | 57 | 42 | 11 | 47 | 23.94 |
| IVI 3 | 41 | 41 | 38 | 7/29/15 | Case | 3 | 68 | 204 | 44 | 11 | 45 | 89.76 |
| IVI 4 | 38 | 38 | 34 | 7/29/15 | Case | 3.4 | 66 | 224.4 | 35 | 11 | 54 | 78.54 |
| IVI 5 | 37 | 37 | 33 | 7/30/15 | Case | 1.4 | 10 | 14 | 50 | 14 | 36 | 7 |
| IVI 6 | 39 | 49 | 40 | 8/4/15 | Case | 2.2 | 23 | 50.6 | 31 | 26 | 43 | 15.69 |
| IVI 7 | 41 | 41 | 31 | 8/12/15 | Case | 6 | 47 | 282 | 69 | 14 | 17 | 194.58 |
| IVI 8 | 42 | 42 | 32 | 8/14/15 | Case | 2.5 | 91 | 227.5 | 60 | 15 | 25 | 136.5 |
| IVI 9 | 45 | 45 | 35 | 9/9/15 | Case | 3.5 | 87 | 304.5 | 50 | 13 | 37 | 152.25 |
| IVI 10 | – | 39 | 31 | 9/28/15 | Case | 3 | 33.3 | 99.9 | 44 | 9 | 47 | 43.96 |
| IVI 11 | – | 45 | 39 | 12/21/15 | Case | 4 | 120 | 480 | 50 | 12 | 38 | 240 |
| IVI 12 | 35 | 37 | 24 | 9/5/17 | Case | 5.4 | 36.3 | 196.02 | 43 | 3 | 54 | 84.29 |
| IVI 13 | 46 | 46 | 35 | 3/7/16 | Case | 4.2 | 17.6 | 73.92 | 60 | 17 | 23 | 44.35 |
| IVI 14 | 40 | 40 | 36 | 10/11/16 | Control | 2.8 | 141.65 | 396.62 | 55 | 10 | 35 | 218.14 |
| IVI 15 | 41 | 41 | 36 | 10/11/16 | Control | 1 | 34.3 | 34.3 | 31 | 18 | 51 | 10.63 |
| IVI 16 | 46 | 46 | 35 | 10/17/16 | Control | 2.2 | 5.5 | 12.1 | 29 | 3 | 68 | 3.51 |
| IVI 17 | 44 | 44 | 33 | 10/20/16 | Control | 4.8 | 10.5 | 50.4 | 42 | 12 | 46 | 21.17 |
| IVI 18 | 38 | 38 | 31 | 10/21/16 | Control | 3.2 | 1.6 | 5.12 | 28 | 13 | 59 | 1.43 |
| IVI 19 | 36 | 36 | 34 | 11/3/16 | Control | 6.8 | 14 | 95.2 | 32 | 3 | 65 | 30.46 |
| IVI 20 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 3/22/17 | Control | 2.2 | 91.8 | 201.96 | 49 | 14 | 37 | 98.96 |
| IVI 21 | 42 | 42 | 32 | 5/23/17 | Control | 1.4 | 42.1 | 58.94 | 37 | 23 | 40 | 21.81 |
| IVI 22 | 37 | 37 | 29 | 9/6/17 | Control | 4.2 | 54 | 226.8 | 52 | 9 | 39 | 117.94 |
| IVI 23 | 43 | 43 | 36 | 9/6/17 | Control | 1.8 | 13 | 23.4 | 23 | 20 | 57 | 5.38 |
| IVI 24 | 54 | 54 | 27 | 9/15/17 | Control | 2.5 | 52 | 130 | 48 | 7 | 45 | 62.4 |
| IVI 25 | 38 | 38 | 34 | 9/15/17 | Control | 5.5 | 1.7 | 9.35 | 11 | 8 | 81 | 1.03 |
| IVI 26 | 43 | 43 | 33 | 9/22/17 | Control | 1.5 | 96 | 144 | 35 | 17 | 48 | 50.4 |
| Mean ± SD | 41 ± 3 | 42 ± 4 | 34 ± 5 | Offspring autism case | 3 ± 1 | 55 ± 33 | 184 ± 128 | 49 ± 11 | 13 ± 5 | 38 ± 12 | 94 ± 71 | |
| Mean ± SD | 42 ± 5 | 42 ± 5 | 34 ± 3 | Offspring control | 3 ± 2 | 43 ± 44 | 107 ± 114 | 36 ± 13 | 12 ± 6 | 52 ± 14 | 49 ± 63 | |
|
Statistical comparison |
NS | NS | NS | (Case vs. Control), not significant (NS) > 0.05 | NS | NS | NS | p < 0.01 | NS | p < 0.01 | NS | |
| (b) Blinded test sample set 1 analysis | ||
|---|---|---|
| BS 1 | Identified case | Actual case |
| BS 2 | Identified control | Actual control |
| BS 3 | Identified control | Actual control |
| BS 4* | Identified control | Actual Case* |
| BS 5 | Identified case | Actual case |
| BS 6 | Identified case | Actual case |
| BS 7 | Identified control | Actual control |
| BS 8 | Identified control | Actual control |
| (c) IVI blinded test sample set 2 analysis | ||
|---|---|---|
| BS 9 | Identified case | Actual case |
| BS 10 | Identified case | Actual case |
| BS 11 | Identified case | Actual case |
| BS 12 | Identified case | Actual case |
| BS 13 | Identified control | Actual control |
| BS 14* | Identified control | Actual case* |
| BS 15 | Identified control | Actual control |
| BS 16 | Identified control | Actual control |
| BS 17 | Identified control | Actual control |
| BS 18 | Identified control | Actual control |
(a) The samples were provided by IVI-RMA, Valencia, Spain, that collected and performed the clinical analysis of semen volume, sperm concentration and analysis, motility and formal progression analysis, and motility analysis. The mean ± SD for case and control samples is provided. A Students t test was used to assess any statistical differences between case and control groups. (b) Blinded test sample set #1 analysis. The analysis was performed to identify the case or control samples and then confirmed once completed after analysis unblinded. (c) Blinded test sample set #2 analysis. IVI-RMA provided an additional ten blinded samples, and following analysis (Identified) was unblinded to assess accuracy (Actual). The false-negative identifications are indicated with an (*) on the labels